separate lib from compiler

6 files changed, 718 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/library/src/dotty/DottyPredef.scala b/library/src/dotty/DottyPredef.scala
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cd90c4882
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/src/dotty/DottyPredef.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package dotty
+
+import scala.reflect.runtime.universe.TypeTag
+import scala.reflect.ClassTag
+import scala.Predef.???
+import scala.collection.Seq
+
+/** unimplemented implicit for TypeTag */
+object DottyPredef {
+  implicit def typeTag[T]: TypeTag[T] = ???
+
+  implicit def arrayTag[T](implicit ctag: ClassTag[T]): ClassTag[Array[T]] =
+    ctag.wrap
+
+  /** A fall-back implicit to compare values of any types.
+   *  The compiler will restrict implicit instances of `eqAny`. An instance
+   *  `eqAny[T, U]` is _valid_ if `T <: U` or `U <: T` or both `T` and `U` are
+   *  Eq-free. A type `S` is Eq-free if there is no implicit instance of `Eq[S, S]`.
+   *  An implicit search will fail instead of returning an invalid `eqAny` instance.
+   */
+  implicit def eqAny[L, R]: Eq[L, R] = Eq
+
+  implicit def eqNumber   : Eq[Number, Number] = Eq
+  implicit def eqString   : Eq[String, String] = Eq
+
+  // true asymmetry, modeling the (somewhat problematic) nature of equals on Proxies
+  implicit def eqProxy    : Eq[Proxy, Any]     = Eq
+
+  implicit def eqSeq[T, U](implicit eq: Eq[T, U]): Eq[Seq[T], Seq[U]] = Eq
+
+  implicit def eqByteNum  : Eq[Byte, Number]   = Eq
+  implicit def eqNumByte  : Eq[Number, Byte]   = Eq
+  implicit def eqCharNum  : Eq[Char, Number]   = Eq
+  implicit def eqNumChar  : Eq[Number, Char]   = Eq
+  implicit def eqShortNum : Eq[Short, Number]  = Eq
+  implicit def eqNumShort : Eq[Number, Short]  = Eq
+  implicit def eqIntNum   : Eq[Int, Number]    = Eq
+  implicit def eqNumInt   : Eq[Number, Int]    = Eq
+  implicit def eqLongNum  : Eq[Long, Number]   = Eq
+  implicit def eqNumLong  : Eq[Number, Long]   = Eq
+  implicit def eqFloatNum : Eq[Float, Number]  = Eq
+  implicit def eqNumFloat : Eq[Number, Float]  = Eq
+  implicit def eqDoubleNum: Eq[Double, Number] = Eq
+  implicit def eqNumDouble: Eq[Number, Double] = Eq
+}
diff --git a/library/src/dotty/runtime/Arrays.scala b/library/src/dotty/runtime/Arrays.scala
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ec5512ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/src/dotty/runtime/Arrays.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package dotty.runtime
+
+import scala.reflect.ClassTag
+
+import java.lang.{reflect => jlr}
+
+/** All but the first two operations should be short-circuited and implemented specially by
+ *  the backend.
+ */
+object Arrays {
+
+  // note: this class is magical. Do not touch it unless you know what you are doing.`
+
+  /** Creates an array of some element type determined by the given `ClassTag`
+   *  argument. The erased type of applications of this method is `Object`.
+   */
+  def newGenericArray[T](length: Int)(implicit tag: ClassTag[T]): Array[T] =
+    tag.newArray(length)
+
+  /** Convert a sequence to a Java array with element type given by `clazz`. */
+  def seqToArray[T](xs: Seq[T], clazz: Class[_]): Array[T] = {
+    val arr = java.lang.reflect.Array.newInstance(clazz, xs.length).asInstanceOf[Array[T]]
+    xs.copyToArray(arr)
+    arr
+  }
+
+  /** Create an array of a reference type T.
+   */
+  def newArray[Arr](componentType: Class[_], returnType: Class[Arr], dimensions: Array[Int]): Arr =
+    jlr.Array.newInstance(componentType, dimensions: _*).asInstanceOf[Arr]
+}
diff --git a/library/src/dotty/runtime/LazyHolders.scala b/library/src/dotty/runtime/LazyHolders.scala
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1e31cda66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/src/dotty/runtime/LazyHolders.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package dotty.runtime
+
+/**
+ * Classes used as holders for local lazy vals
+ */
+class LazyInt {
+  var value: Int = _
+  @volatile var initialized: Boolean = false
+}
+
+class LazyLong {
+  var value: Long = _
+  @volatile var initialized: Boolean = false
+}
+
+class LazyBoolean {
+  var value: Boolean = _
+  @volatile var initialized: Boolean = false
+}
+
+class LazyDouble {
+  var value: Double = _
+  @volatile var initialized: Boolean = false
+}
+
+class LazyByte {
+  var value: Byte = _
+  @volatile var initialized: Boolean = false
+}
+
+class LazyRef {
+  var value: AnyRef = _
+  @volatile var initialized: Boolean = false
+}
+
+class LazyShort {
+  var value: Short = _
+  @volatile var initialized: Boolean = false
+}
+
+class LazyChar {
+  var value: Char = _
+  @volatile var initialized: Boolean = false
+}
diff --git a/library/src/dotty/runtime/LazyVals.scala b/library/src/dotty/runtime/LazyVals.scala
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4dea0d34d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/src/dotty/runtime/LazyVals.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+package dotty.runtime
+
+import scala.annotation.tailrec
+
+/**
+ * Helper methods used in thread-safe lazy vals.
+ */
+object LazyVals {
+  private val unsafe = scala.concurrent.util.Unsafe.instance
+
+  final val BITS_PER_LAZY_VAL = 2L
+  final val LAZY_VAL_MASK = 3L
+  final val debug = false
+
+  @inline def STATE(cur: Long, ord: Int) = {
+    val r = (cur >> (ord * BITS_PER_LAZY_VAL)) & LAZY_VAL_MASK
+    if (debug)
+      println(s"STATE($cur, $ord) = $r")
+    r
+  }
+  @inline def CAS(t: Object, offset: Long, e: Long, v: Int, ord: Int) = {
+    if (debug)
+      println(s"CAS($t, $offset, $e, $v, $ord)")
+    val mask = ~(LAZY_VAL_MASK << ord * BITS_PER_LAZY_VAL)
+    val n = (e & mask) | (v << (ord * BITS_PER_LAZY_VAL))
+    compareAndSet(t, offset, e, n)
+  }
+  @inline def setFlag(t: Object, offset: Long, v: Int, ord: Int) = {
+    if (debug)
+      println(s"setFlag($t, $offset, $v, $ord)")
+    var retry = true
+    while (retry) {
+      val cur = get(t, offset)
+      if (STATE(cur, ord) == 1) retry = CAS(t, offset, cur, v, ord)
+      else {
+        // cur == 2, somebody is waiting on monitor
+        if (CAS(t, offset, cur, v, ord)) {
+          val monitor = getMonitor(t, ord)
+          monitor.synchronized {
+            monitor.notifyAll()
+          }
+          retry = false
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  @inline def wait4Notification(t: Object, offset: Long, cur: Long, ord: Int) = {
+    if (debug)
+      println(s"wait4Notification($t, $offset, $cur, $ord)")
+    var retry = true
+    while (retry) {
+      val cur = get(t, offset)
+      val state = STATE(cur, ord)
+      if (state == 1) CAS(t, offset, cur, 2, ord)
+      else if (state == 2) {
+        val monitor = getMonitor(t, ord)
+        monitor.synchronized {
+          monitor.wait()
+        }
+      }
+      else retry = false
+    }
+  }
+
+  @inline def compareAndSet(t: Object, off: Long, e: Long, v: Long) = unsafe.compareAndSwapLong(t, off, e, v)
+  @inline def get(t: Object, off: Long) = {
+    if (debug)
+      println(s"get($t, $off)")
+    unsafe.getLongVolatile(t, off)
+  }
+
+  val processors: Int = java.lang.Runtime.getRuntime.availableProcessors()
+  val base: Int = 8 * processors * processors
+  val monitors: Array[Object] = (0 to base).map {
+    x => new Object()
+  }.toArray
+
+  @inline def getMonitor(obj: Object, fieldId: Int = 0) = {
+    var id = (
+      /*java.lang.System.identityHashCode(obj) + */ // should be here, but #548
+      fieldId) % base
+
+    if (id < 0) id += base
+    monitors(id)
+  }
+
+  @inline def getOffset(clz: Class[_], name: String) = {
+    val r = unsafe.objectFieldOffset(clz.getDeclaredField(name))
+    if (debug)
+      println(s"getOffset($clz, $name) = $r")
+    r
+  }
+
+  object Names {
+    final val state = "STATE"
+    final val cas = "CAS"
+    final val setFlag = "setFlag"
+    final val wait4Notification = "wait4Notification"
+    final val compareAndSet = "compareAndSet"
+    final val get = "get"
+    final val getOffset = "getOffset"
+  }
+}
diff --git a/library/src/dotty/runtime/LegacyApp.scala b/library/src/dotty/runtime/LegacyApp.scala
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c4b295d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/src/dotty/runtime/LegacyApp.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package dotty.runtime
+
+
+/**
+ * replaces the `scala.App` class which relies on `DelayedInit` functionality, not supported by Dotty.
+ */
+class LegacyApp {
+  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = ()
+}
diff --git a/library/src/dotty/runtime/vc/VCPrototype.scala b/library/src/dotty/runtime/vc/VCPrototype.scala
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..212046ef8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/library/src/dotty/runtime/vc/VCPrototype.scala
@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+package dotty.runtime.vc
+
+import scala.reflect.ClassTag
+
+abstract class VCPrototype {
+}
+
+
+abstract class VCArrayPrototype[T <: VCPrototype] extends Object with Cloneable {
+  def apply(idx: Int): Object
+  def update(idx: Int, el: T): Unit
+  def length: Int
+  override def clone(): Object = super.clone()
+}
+
+
+abstract class VCFloatPrototype(val underlying: Float) extends VCPrototype {}
+
+abstract class VCFloatCasePrototype(underlying: Float) extends VCFloatPrototype(underlying) with Product1[Float] {
+
+  final def _1: Float = underlying
+
+  override final def hashCode(): Int = {
+    underlying.hashCode()
+  }
+
+  override final def toString: String = {
+    s"$productPrefix($underlying)"
+  }
+}
+
+abstract class VCFloatCompanion[T <: VCFloatPrototype] extends ClassTag[T] {
+  def box(underlying: Float): T
+  final def unbox(boxed: T) = boxed.underlying
+
+  implicit def classTag: this.type = this
+  override def newArray(len: Int): Array[T] =
+    new VCFloatArray(this, len).asInstanceOf[Array[T]]
+
+
+  final def _1$extension(underlying: Float)       = underlying
+  final def hashCode$extension(underlying: Float) = underlying.hashCode()
+  final def toString$extension(underlying: Float) = s"${productPrefix$extension(underlying)}($underlying)"
+  def productPrefix$extension(underlying: Float): String
+}
+
+final class VCFloatArray[T <: VCFloatPrototype] private (val arr: Array[Float], val ct: VCFloatCompanion[T])
+  extends VCArrayPrototype[T] {
+  def this(ct: VCFloatCompanion[T], sz: Int) =
+    this(new Array[Float](sz), ct)
+
+  def apply(idx: Int) =
+    ct.box(arr(idx))
+  def update(idx: Int, elem: T) =
+    arr(idx) = ct.unbox(elem)
+  def length: Int = arr.length
+
+  override def clone(): VCFloatArray[T] = {
+    new VCFloatArray[T](arr.clone(), ct)
+  }
+
+  override def toString: String = {
+    "[" + ct.runtimeClass
+  }
+}
+
+
+abstract class VCObjectPrototype(val underlying: Object) extends VCPrototype {}
+
+abstract class VCObjectCasePrototype(underlying: Object) extends VCObjectPrototype(underlying) with Product1[Object] {
+
+  final def _1: Object = underlying
+
+  override final def hashCode(): Int = {
+    underlying.hashCode()
+  }
+
+  override final def toString: String = {
+    s"$productPrefix($underlying)"
+  }
+}
+
+abstract class VCObjectCompanion[T <: VCObjectPrototype] extends ClassTag[T] {
+  def box(underlying: Object): T
+  final def unbox(boxed: T) = boxed.underlying
+
+  implicit def classTag: this.type = this
+  override def newArray(len: Int): Array[T] =
+    new VCObjectArray(this, len).asInstanceOf[Array[T]]
+
+
+  final def _1$extension(underlying: Object)       = underlying
+  final def hashCode$extension(underlying: Object) = underlying.hashCode()
+  final def toString$extension(underlying: Object) = s"${productPrefix$extension(underlying)}($underlying)"
+  def productPrefix$extension(underlying: Object): String
+}
+
+final class VCObjectArray[T <: VCObjectPrototype] private (val arr: Array[Object], val ct: VCObjectCompanion[T])
+  extends VCArrayPrototype[T] {
+  def this(ct: VCObjectCompanion[T], sz: Int) =
+    this(new Array[Object](sz), ct)
+
+  def apply(idx: Int) =
+    ct.box(arr(idx))
+
+  def update(idx: Int, elem: T) =
+    arr(idx) = ct.unbox(elem)
+
+  def length: Int = arr.length
+
+  override def clone(): VCObjectArray[T] = {
+    new VCObjectArray[T](arr.clone(), ct)
+  }
+
+  override def toString: String = {
+    "[" + ct.runtimeClass
+  }
+}
+
+
+abstract class VCShortPrototype(val underlying: Short) extends VCPrototype {}
+
+abstract class VCShortCasePrototype(underlying: Short) extends VCShortPrototype(underlying) with Product1[Short] {
+
+  final def _1: Short = underlying
+
+  override final def hashCode(): Int = {
+    underlying.hashCode()
+  }
+
+  override final def toString: String = {
+    s"$productPrefix($underlying)"
+  }
+}
+
+abstract class VCShortCompanion[T <: VCShortPrototype] extends ClassTag[T] {
+  def box(underlying: Short): T
+  final def unbox(boxed: T) = boxed.underlying
+
+  implicit def classTag: this.type = this
+  override def newArray(len: Int): Array[T] =
+    new VCShortArray(this, len).asInstanceOf[Array[T]]
+
+
+  final def _1$extension(underlying: Short)       = underlying
+  final def hashCode$extension(underlying: Short) = underlying.hashCode()
+  final def toString$extension(underlying: Short) = s"${productPrefix$extension(underlying)}($underlying)"
+  def productPrefix$extension(underlying: Short): String
+}
+
+final class VCShortArray[T <: VCShortPrototype] private (val arr: Array[Short], val ct: VCShortCompanion[T])
+  extends VCArrayPrototype[T] {
+  def this(ct: VCShortCompanion[T], sz: Int) =
+    this(new Array[Short](sz), ct)
+
+  def apply(idx: Int) =
+    ct.box(arr(idx))
+
+  def update(idx: Int, elem: T) =
+    arr(idx) = ct.unbox(elem)
+
+  def length: Int = arr.length
+
+  override def clone(): VCShortArray[T] = {
+    new VCShortArray[T](arr.clone(), ct)
+  }
+
+  override def toString: String = {
+    "[" + ct.runtimeClass
+  }
+
+}
+
+
+abstract class VCLongPrototype(val underlying: Long) extends VCPrototype {}
+
+abstract class VCLongCasePrototype(underlying: Long) extends VCLongPrototype(underlying) with Product1[Long] {
+
+  final def _1: Long = underlying
+
+  override final def hashCode(): Int = {
+    underlying.hashCode()
+  }
+
+  override final def toString: String = {
+    s"$productPrefix($underlying)"
+  }
+}
+
+abstract class VCLongCompanion[T <: VCLongPrototype] extends ClassTag[T] {
+  def box(underlying: Long): T
+  final def unbox(boxed: T) = boxed.underlying
+
+  implicit def classTag: this.type = this
+  override def newArray(len: Int): Array[T] =
+    new VCLongArray(this, len).asInstanceOf[Array[T]]
+
+
+  final def _1$extension(underlying: Long)       = underlying
+  final def hashCode$extension(underlying: Long) = underlying.hashCode()
+  final def toString$extension(underlying: Long) = s"${productPrefix$extension(underlying)}($underlying)"
+  def productPrefix$extension(underlying: Long): String
+}
+
+final class VCLongArray[T <: VCLongPrototype] private (val arr: Array[Long], val ct: VCLongCompanion[T])
+  extends VCArrayPrototype[T] {
+  def this(ct: VCLongCompanion[T], sz: Int) =
+    this(new Array[Long](sz), ct)
+
+  def apply(idx: Int) =
+    ct.box(arr(idx))
+
+  def update(idx: Int, elem: T) =
+    arr(idx) = ct.unbox(elem)
+
+  def length: Int = arr.length
+
+  override def clone(): VCLongArray[T] = {
+    new VCLongArray[T](arr.clone(), ct)
+  }
+
+  override def toString: String = {
+    "[" + ct.runtimeClass
+  }
+}
+
+
+abstract class VCIntPrototype(val underlying: Int) extends VCPrototype {}
+
+abstract class VCIntCasePrototype(underlying: Int) extends VCIntPrototype(underlying) with Product1[Int] {
+
+  final def _1: Int = underlying
+
+  override final def hashCode(): Int = {
+    underlying.hashCode()
+  }
+
+  override final def toString: String = {
+    s"$productPrefix($underlying)"
+  }
+}
+
+abstract class VCIntCompanion[T <: VCIntPrototype] extends ClassTag[T] {
+  def box(underlying: Int): T
+  final def unbox(boxed: T) = boxed.underlying
+
+  implicit def classTag: this.type = this
+  override def newArray(len: Int): Array[T] =
+    new VCIntArray(this, len).asInstanceOf[Array[T]]
+
+
+  final def _1$extension(underlying: Int)       = underlying
+  final def hashCode$extension(underlying: Int) = underlying.hashCode()
+  final def toString$extension(underlying: Int) = s"${productPrefix$extension(underlying)}($underlying)"
+  def productPrefix$extension(underlying: Int): String
+}
+
+final class VCIntArray[T <: VCIntPrototype] private (val arr: Array[Int], val ct: VCIntCompanion[T])
+  extends VCArrayPrototype[T] {
+  def this(ct: VCIntCompanion[T], sz: Int) =
+    this(new Array[Int](sz), ct)
+
+  def apply(idx: Int) =
+    ct.box(arr(idx))
+  def update(idx: Int, elem: T) =
+    arr(idx) = ct.unbox(elem)
+  def length: Int = arr.length
+
+  override def clone(): VCIntArray[T] = {
+    new VCIntArray[T](arr.clone(), ct)
+  }
+
+  override def toString: String = {
+    "[" + ct.runtimeClass
+  }
+}
+
+
+abstract class VCDoublePrototype(val underlying: Double) extends VCPrototype {}
+
+abstract class VCDoubleCasePrototype(underlying: Double) extends VCDoublePrototype(underlying) with Product1[Double] {
+
+  final def _1: Double = underlying
+
+  override final def hashCode(): Int = {
+    underlying.hashCode()
+  }
+
+  override final def toString: String = {
+    s"$productPrefix($underlying)"
+  }
+}
+
+abstract class VCDoubleCompanion[T <: VCDoublePrototype] extends ClassTag[T] {
+  def box(underlying: Double): T
+  final def unbox(boxed: T) = boxed.underlying
+
+  implicit def classTag: this.type = this
+  override def newArray(len: Int): Array[T] =
+    new VCDoubleArray(this, len).asInstanceOf[Array[T]]
+
+
+  final def _1$extension(underlying: Double)       = underlying
+  final def hashCode$extension(underlying: Double) = underlying.hashCode()
+  final def toString$extension(underlying: Double) = s"${productPrefix$extension(underlying)}($underlying)"
+  def productPrefix$extension(underlying: Double): String
+}
+
+final class VCDoubleArray[T <: VCDoublePrototype] private (val arr: Array[Double], val ct: VCDoubleCompanion[T])
+  extends VCArrayPrototype[T] {
+  def this(ct: VCDoubleCompanion[T], sz: Int) =
+    this(new Array[Double](sz), ct)
+
+  def apply(idx: Int) =
+    ct.box(arr(idx))
+  def update(idx: Int, elem: T) =
+    arr(idx) = ct.unbox(elem)
+  def length: Int = arr.length
+
+  override def clone(): VCDoubleArray[T] = {
+    new VCDoubleArray[T](arr.clone(), ct)
+  }
+
+  override def toString: String = {
+    "[" + ct.runtimeClass
+  }
+}
+
+
+abstract class VCBooleanPrototype(val underlying: Boolean) extends VCPrototype {}
+
+abstract class VCBooleanCasePrototype(underlying: Boolean) extends VCBooleanPrototype(underlying) with Product1[Boolean] {
+
+  final def _1: Boolean = underlying
+
+  override final def hashCode(): Int = {
+    underlying.hashCode()
+  }
+
+  override final def toString: String = {
+    s"$productPrefix($underlying)"
+  }
+}
+
+abstract class VCBooleanCompanion[T <: VCBooleanPrototype] extends ClassTag[T] {
+  def box(underlying: Boolean): T
+  final def unbox(boxed: T) = boxed.underlying
+
+  implicit def classTag: this.type = this
+  override def newArray(len: Int): Array[T] =
+    new VCBooleanArray(this, len).asInstanceOf[Array[T]]
+
+
+  final def _1$extension(underlying: Boolean)       = underlying
+  final def hashCode$extension(underlying: Boolean) = underlying.hashCode()
+  final def toString$extension(underlying: Boolean) = s"${productPrefix$extension(underlying)}($underlying)"
+  def productPrefix$extension(underlying: Boolean): String
+}
+
+final class VCBooleanArray[T <: VCBooleanPrototype] private (val arr: Array[Boolean], val ct: VCBooleanCompanion[T])
+  extends VCArrayPrototype[T] {
+  def this(ct: VCBooleanCompanion[T], sz: Int) =
+    this(new Array[Boolean](sz), ct)
+
+  def apply(idx: Int) =
+    ct.box(arr(idx))
+
+  def update(idx: Int, elem: T) =
+    arr(idx) = ct.unbox(elem)
+
+  def length: Int = arr.length
+
+  override def clone(): VCBooleanArray[T] = {
+    new VCBooleanArray[T](arr.clone(), ct)
+  }
+
+  override def toString: String = {
+    "[" + ct.runtimeClass
+  }
+}
+
+
+abstract class VCCharPrototype(val underlying: Char) extends VCPrototype {}
+
+abstract class VCCharCasePrototype(underlying: Char) extends VCCharPrototype(underlying) with Product1[Char] {
+
+  final def _1: Char = underlying
+
+  override final def hashCode(): Int = {
+    underlying.hashCode()
+  }
+
+  override final def toString: String = {
+    s"$productPrefix($underlying)"
+  }
+
+  // subclasses are expected to implement equals, productPrefix, and canEqual
+}
+
+abstract class VCCharCompanion[T <: VCCharPrototype] extends ClassTag[T] {
+  def box(underlying: Char): T
+  final def unbox(boxed: T) = boxed.underlying
+
+  implicit def classTag: this.type = this
+  override def newArray(len: Int): Array[T] =
+    new VCCharArray(this, len).asInstanceOf[Array[T]]
+
+
+  final def _1$extension(underlying: Char)       = underlying
+  final def hashCode$extension(underlying: Char) = underlying.hashCode()
+  final def toString$extension(underlying: Char) = s"${productPrefix$extension(underlying)}($underlying)"
+  def productPrefix$extension(underlying: Char): String
+}
+
+final class VCCharArray[T <: VCCharPrototype] private (val arr: Array[Char], val ct: VCCharCompanion[T])
+  extends VCArrayPrototype[T] {
+  def this(ct: VCCharCompanion[T], sz: Int) =
+    this(new Array[Char](sz), ct)
+
+  def apply(idx: Int) =
+    ct.box(arr(idx))
+  def update(idx: Int, elem: T) =
+    arr(idx) = ct.unbox(elem)
+  def length: Int = arr.length
+
+  override def clone(): VCCharArray[T] = {
+    new VCCharArray[T](arr.clone(), ct)
+  }
+
+  override def toString: String = {
+    "[" + ct.runtimeClass
+  }
+}
+
+
+abstract class VCBytePrototype(val underlying: Byte) extends VCPrototype {}
+
+abstract class VCByteCasePrototype(underlying: Byte) extends VCBytePrototype(underlying) with Product1[Byte] {
+
+  final def _1: Byte = underlying
+
+  override final def hashCode(): Int = {
+    underlying.hashCode()
+  }
+
+  override final def toString: String = {
+    s"$productPrefix($underlying)"
+  }
+}
+
+abstract class VCByteCompanion[T <: VCBytePrototype] extends ClassTag[T] {
+  def box(underlying: Byte): T
+  final def unbox(boxed: T) = boxed.underlying
+
+  implicit def classTag: this.type = this
+  override def newArray(len: Int): Array[T] =
+    new VCByteArray(this, len).asInstanceOf[Array[T]]
+
+
+  final def _1$extension(underlying: Byte)       = underlying
+  final def hashCode$extension(underlying: Byte) = underlying.hashCode()
+  final def toString$extension(underlying: Byte) = s"${productPrefix$extension(underlying)}($underlying)"
+  def productPrefix$extension(underlying: Byte): String
+}
+
+final class VCByteArray[T <: VCBytePrototype] private (val arr: Array[Byte], val ct: VCByteCompanion[T])
+  extends VCArrayPrototype[T] {
+  def this(ct: VCByteCompanion[T], sz: Int) =
+    this(new Array[Byte](sz), ct)
+
+  def apply(idx: Int) =
+    ct.box(arr(idx))
+  def update(idx: Int, elem: T) =
+    arr(idx) = ct.unbox(elem)
+  def length: Int = arr.length
+
+  override def clone(): VCByteArray[T] = {
+    new VCByteArray[T](arr.clone(), ct)
+  }
+
+  override def toString: String = {
+    "[" + ct.runtimeClass
+  }
+
+}
+