Trait-based initialization and other utilities

Adds the concept of a 'platform', a centralized place in which
environment-specific information will be managed, and provides common
initialization logic for most "standard" apps.

As part of the common initialization, other parts of core have also
been reworked:

- HTTP-related unmarshallers and path matchers have been factored out
  from core.json to a new core.rest.directives package (core.json
  extends those unmarshallers and matchers for backwards
  compatibility)

- CORS handling has also been moved to a dedicated utility trait

- Some custom headers have been moved from raw headers to typed ones
  in core.rest.headers

- The concept of a "reporter" has been introduced. A reporter is a
  context-aware combination of tracing and logging. It is intended to
  issue diagnostic messages that can be traced across service
  boundaries.

Closes #192
Closes #195

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