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<h1 class="title"><a href="mllib-guide.html">MLlib</a> - Collaborative Filtering</h1>
<ul id="markdown-toc">
<li><a href="#collaborative-filtering">Collaborative filtering</a> <ul>
<li><a href="#explicit-vs-implicit-feedback">Explicit vs. implicit feedback</a></li>
</ul>
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<li><a href="#examples">Examples</a></li>
<li><a href="#tutorial">Tutorial</a></li>
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<h2 id="collaborative-filtering">Collaborative filtering</h2>
<p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommender_system#Collaborative_filtering">Collaborative filtering</a>
is commonly used for recommender systems. These techniques aim to fill in the
missing entries of a user-item association matrix. MLlib currently supports
model-based collaborative filtering, in which users and products are described
by a small set of latent factors that can be used to predict missing entries.
In particular, we implement the <a href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1608614">alternating least squares
(ALS)</a>
algorithm to learn these latent factors. The implementation in MLlib has the
following parameters:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>numBlocks</em> is the number of blocks used to parallelize computation (set to -1 to auto-configure).</li>
<li><em>rank</em> is the number of latent factors in our model.</li>
<li><em>iterations</em> is the number of iterations to run.</li>
<li><em>lambda</em> specifies the regularization parameter in ALS.</li>
<li><em>implicitPrefs</em> specifies whether to use the <em>explicit feedback</em> ALS variant or one adapted for
<em>implicit feedback</em> data.</li>
<li><em>alpha</em> is a parameter applicable to the implicit feedback variant of ALS that governs the
<em>baseline</em> confidence in preference observations.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="explicit-vs-implicit-feedback">Explicit vs. implicit feedback</h3>
<p>The standard approach to matrix factorization based collaborative filtering treats
the entries in the user-item matrix as <em>explicit</em> preferences given by the user to the item.</p>
<p>It is common in many real-world use cases to only have access to <em>implicit feedback</em> (e.g. views,
clicks, purchases, likes, shares etc.). The approach used in MLlib to deal with such data is taken
from
<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICDM.2008.22">Collaborative Filtering for Implicit Feedback Datasets</a>.
Essentially instead of trying to model the matrix of ratings directly, this approach treats the data
as a combination of binary preferences and <em>confidence values</em>. The ratings are then related to the
level of confidence in observed user preferences, rather than explicit ratings given to items. The
model then tries to find latent factors that can be used to predict the expected preference of a
user for an item.</p>
<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>
<div class="codetabs">
<div data-lang="scala">
<p>In the following example we load rating data. Each row consists of a user, a product and a rating.
We use the default <a href="api/scala/index.html#org.apache.spark.mllib.recommendation.ALS$">ALS.train()</a>
method which assumes ratings are explicit. We evaluate the
recommendation model by measuring the Mean Squared Error of rating prediction.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="scala"><span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.spark.mllib.recommendation.ALS</span>
<span class="k">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.spark.mllib.recommendation.Rating</span>
<span class="c1">// Load and parse the data</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">data</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">textFile</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">"mllib/data/als/test.data"</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">ratings</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="k">_</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="sc">','</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="k">match</span> <span class="o">{</span> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="nc">Array</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">item</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">rate</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="k">=></span>
<span class="nc">Rating</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">toInt</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">item</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">toInt</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">rate</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">toDouble</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="o">})</span>
<span class="c1">// Build the recommendation model using ALS</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">rank</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">numIterations</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">model</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="nc">ALS</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">ratings</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">rank</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">numIterations</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="mf">0.01</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="c1">// Evaluate the model on rating data</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">usersProducts</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">ratings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span> <span class="o">{</span> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="nc">Rating</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">product</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">rate</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="k">=></span>
<span class="o">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">product</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">predictions</span> <span class="k">=</span>
<span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">predict</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">usersProducts</span><span class="o">).</span><span class="n">map</span> <span class="o">{</span> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="nc">Rating</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">product</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">rate</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="k">=></span>
<span class="o">((</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">product</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="n">rate</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="o">}</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">ratesAndPreds</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">ratings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span> <span class="o">{</span> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="nc">Rating</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">product</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">rate</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="k">=></span>
<span class="o">((</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">product</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="n">rate</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="o">}.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">predictions</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="nc">MSE</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="n">ratesAndPreds</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span> <span class="o">{</span> <span class="k">case</span> <span class="o">((</span><span class="n">user</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">product</span><span class="o">),</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">r1</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">r2</span><span class="o">))</span> <span class="k">=></span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">err</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">r1</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">r2</span><span class="o">)</span>
<span class="n">err</span> <span class="o">*</span> <span class="n">err</span>
<span class="o">}.</span><span class="n">mean</span><span class="o">()</span>
<span class="n">println</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="s">"Mean Squared Error = "</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nc">MSE</span><span class="o">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>If the rating matrix is derived from other source of information (i.e., it is inferred from
other signals), you can use the trainImplicit method to get better results.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="scala"><span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">alpha</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="mf">0.01</span>
<span class="k">val</span> <span class="n">model</span> <span class="k">=</span> <span class="nc">ALS</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">trainImplicit</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">ratings</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">rank</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">numIterations</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="n">alpha</span><span class="o">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
<div data-lang="java">
<p>All of MLlib’s methods use Java-friendly types, so you can import and call them there the same
way you do in Scala. The only caveat is that the methods take Scala RDD objects, while the
Spark Java API uses a separate <code>JavaRDD</code> class. You can convert a Java RDD to a Scala one by
calling <code>.rdd()</code> on your <code>JavaRDD</code> object.</p>
</div>
<div data-lang="python">
<p>In the following example we load rating data. Each row consists of a user, a product and a rating.
We use the default ALS.train() method which assumes ratings are explicit. We evaluate the
recommendation by measuring the Mean Squared Error of rating prediction.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="python"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyspark.mllib.recommendation</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ALS</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">numpy</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">array</span>
<span class="c"># Load and parse the data</span>
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sc</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">textFile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"mllib/data/als/test.data"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">ratings</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">array</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="nb">float</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">line</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">','</span><span class="p">)]))</span>
<span class="c"># Build the recommendation model using Alternating Least Squares</span>
<span class="n">rank</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="n">numIterations</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span>
<span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ALS</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">train</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ratings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rank</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numIterations</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># Evaluate the model on training data</span>
<span class="n">testdata</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ratings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">p</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]),</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])))</span>
<span class="n">predictions</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">model</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">predictAll</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">testdata</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]),</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]))</span>
<span class="n">ratesAndPreds</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ratings</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">((</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]),</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">]))</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">predictions</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">MSE</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ratesAndPreds</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">map</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">-</span> <span class="n">r</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="o">**</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reduce</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">x</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">ratesAndPreds</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Mean Squared Error = "</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">MSE</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>If the rating matrix is derived from other source of information (i.e., it is inferred from other
signals), you can use the trainImplicit method to get better results.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><code class="python"><span class="c"># Build the recommendation model using Alternating Least Squares based on implicit ratings</span>
<span class="n">model</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ALS</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">trainImplicit</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ratings</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">rank</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">numIterations</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">alpha</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0.01</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="tutorial">Tutorial</h2>
<p><a href="http://ampcamp.berkeley.edu/">AMP Camp</a> provides a hands-on tutorial for
<a href="http://ampcamp.berkeley.edu/big-data-mini-course/movie-recommendation-with-mllib.html">personalized movie recommendation with MLlib</a>.</p>
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