#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
# or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
# distributed with this work for additional information
# regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
# with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from __future__ import with_statement
import logging
import os
import random
import shutil
import subprocess
import sys
import tempfile
import time
import urllib2
from optparse import OptionParser
from sys import stderr
from boto.ec2.blockdevicemapping import BlockDeviceMapping, EBSBlockDeviceType
from boto import ec2
# A static URL from which to figure out the latest Mesos EC2 AMI
LATEST_AMI_URL = "https://s3.amazonaws.com/mesos-images/ids/latest-spark-0.6"
# Configure and parse our command-line arguments
def parse_args():
parser = OptionParser(usage="spark-ec2 [options] <action> <cluster_name>"
+ "\n\n<action> can be: launch, destroy, login, stop, start, get-master",
add_help_option=False)
parser.add_option("-h", "--help", action="help",
help="Show this help message and exit")
parser.add_option("-s", "--slaves", type="int", default=1,
help="Number of slaves to launch (default: 1)")
parser.add_option("-w", "--wait", type="int", default=120,
help="Seconds to wait for nodes to start (default: 120)")
parser.add_option("-k", "--key-pair",
help="Key pair to use on instances")
parser.add_option("-i", "--identity-file",
help="SSH private key file to use for logging into instances")
parser.add_option("-t", "--instance-type", default="m1.large",
help="Type of instance to launch (default: m1.large). " +
"WARNING: must be 64-bit; small instances won't work")
parser.add_option("-m", "--master-instance-type", default="",
help="Master instance type (leave empty for same as instance-type)")
parser.add_option("-r", "--region", default="us-east-1",
help="EC2 region zone to launch instances in")
parser.add_option("-z", "--zone", default="",
help="Availability zone to launch instances in, or 'all' to spread " +
"slaves across multiple (an additional $0.01/Gb for bandwidth" +
"between zones applies)")
parser.add_option("-a", "--ami", default="latest",
help="Amazon Machine Image ID to use, or 'latest' to use latest " +
"available AMI (default: latest)")
parser.add_option("-D", metavar="[ADDRESS:]PORT", dest="proxy_port",
help="Use SSH dynamic port forwarding to create a SOCKS proxy at " +
"the given local address (for use with login)")
parser.add_option("--resume", action="store_true", default=False,
help="Resume installation on a previously launched cluster " +
"(for debugging)")
parser.add_option("--ebs-vol-size", metavar="SIZE", type="int", default=0,
help="Attach a new EBS volume of size SIZE (in GB) to each node as " +
"/vol. The volumes will be deleted when the instances terminate. " +
"Only possible on EBS-backed AMIs.")
parser.add_option("--swap", metavar="SWAP", type="int", default=1024,
help="Swap space to set up per node, in MB (default: 1024)")
parser.add_option("--spot-price", metavar="PRICE", type="float",
help="If specified, launch slaves as spot instances with the given " +
"maximum price (in dollars)")
parser.add_option("-c", "--cluster-type", default="mesos",
help="'mesos' for a mesos cluster, 'standalone' for a standalone spark cluster (default: mesos)")
parser.add_option("-u", "--user", default="root",
help="The ssh user you want to connect as (default: root)")
(opts, args) = parser.parse_args()
if len(args) != 2:
parser.print_help()
sys.exit(1)
(action, cluster_name) = args
if opts.identity_file == None and action in ['launch', 'login']:
print >> stderr, ("ERROR: The -i or --identity-file argument is " +
"required for " + action)
sys.exit(1)
if opts.cluster_type not in ["mesos", "standalone"] and action == "launch":
print >> stderr, ("ERROR: Invalid cluster type: " + opts.cluster_type)
sys.exit(1)
# Boto config check
# http://boto.cloudhackers.com/en/latest/boto_config_tut.html
home_dir = os.getenv('HOME')
if home_dir == None or not os.path.isfile(home_dir + '/.boto'):
if not os.path.isfile('/etc/boto.cfg'):
if os.getenv('AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID') == None:
print >> stderr, ("ERROR: The environment variable AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID " +
"must be set")
sys.exit(1)
if os.getenv('AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY') == None:
print >> stderr, ("ERROR: The environment variable AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY " +
"must be set")
sys.exit(1)
return (opts, action, cluster_name)
# Get the EC2 security group of the given name, creating it if it doesn't exist
def get_or_make_group(conn, name):
groups = conn.get_all_security_groups()
group = [g for g in groups if g.name == name]
if len(group) > 0:
return group[0]
else:
print "Creating security group " + name
return conn.create_security_group(name, "Spark EC2 group")
# Wait for a set of launched instances to exit the "pending" state
# (i.e. either to start running or to fail and be terminated)
def wait_for_instances(conn, instances):
while True:
for i in instances:
i.update()
if len([i for i in instances if i.state == 'pending']) > 0:
time.sleep(5)
else:
return
# Check whether a given EC2 instance object is in a state we consider active,
# i.e. not terminating or terminated. We count both stopping and stopped as
# active since we can restart stopped clusters.
def is_active(instance):
return (instance.state in ['pending', 'running', 'stopping', 'stopped'])
# Launch a cluster of the given name, by setting up its security groups,
# and then starting new instances in them.
# Returns a tuple of EC2 reservation objects for the master, slave
# and zookeeper instances (in that order).
# Fails if there already instances running in the cluster's groups.
def launch_cluster(conn, opts, cluster_name):
print "Setting up security groups..."
master_group = get_or_make_group(conn, cluster_name + "-master")
slave_group = get_or_make_group(conn, cluster_name + "-slaves")
zoo_group = get_or_make_group(conn, cluster_name + "-zoo")
if master_group.rules == []: # Group was just now created
master_group.authorize(src_group=master_group)
master_group.authorize(src_group=slave_group)
master_group.authorize(src_group=zoo_group)
master_group.authorize('tcp', 22, 22, '0.0.0.0/0')
master_group.authorize('tcp', 8080, 8081, '0.0.0.0/0')
if opts.cluster_type == "mesos":
master_group.authorize('tcp', 50030, 50030, '0.0.0.0/0')
master_group.authorize('tcp', 50070, 50070, '0.0.0.0/0')
master_group.authorize('tcp', 60070, 60070, '0.0.0.0/0')
master_group.authorize('tcp', 38090, 38090, '0.0.0.0/0')
if slave_group.rules == []: # Group was just now created
slave_group.authorize(src_group=master_group)
slave_group.authorize(src_group=slave_group)
slave_group.authorize(src_group=zoo_group)
slave_group.authorize('tcp', 22, 22, '0.0.0.0/0')
slave_group.authorize('tcp', 8080, 8081, '0.0.0.0/0')
if opts.cluster_type == "mesos":
slave_group.authorize('tcp', 50060, 50060, '0.0.0.0/0')
slave_group.authorize('tcp', 50075, 50075, '0.0.0.0/0')
slave_group.authorize('tcp', 60060, 60060, '0.0.0.0/0')
slave_group.authorize('tcp', 60075, 60075, '0.0.0.0/0')
if zoo_group.rules == []: # Group was just now created
zoo_group.authorize(src_group=master_group)
zoo_group.authorize(src_group=slave_group)
zoo_group.authorize(src_group=zoo_group)
zoo_group.authorize('tcp', 22, 22, '0.0.0.0/0')
zoo_group.authorize('tcp', 2181, 2181, '0.0.0.0/0')
zoo_group.authorize('tcp', 2888, 2888, '0.0.0.0/0')
zoo_group.authorize('tcp', 3888, 3888, '0.0.0.0/0')
# Check if instances are already running in our groups
active_nodes = get_existing_cluster(conn, opts, cluster_name,
die_on_error=False)
if any(active_nodes):
print >> stderr, ("ERROR: There are already instances running in " +
"group %s, %s or %s" % (master_group.name, slave_group.name, zoo_group.name))
sys.exit(1)
# Figure out the latest AMI from our static URL
if opts.ami == "latest":
try:
opts.ami = urllib2.urlopen(LATEST_AMI_URL).read().strip()
print "Latest Spark AMI: " + opts.ami
except:
print >> stderr, "Could not read " + LATEST_AMI_URL
sys.exit(1)
print "Launching instances..."
try:
image = conn.get_all_images(image_ids=[opts.ami])[0]
except:
print >> stderr, "Could not find AMI " + opts.ami
sys.exit(1)
# Create block device mapping so that we can add an EBS volume if asked to
block_map = BlockDeviceMapping()
if opts.ebs_vol_size > 0:
device = EBSBlockDeviceType()
device.size = opts.ebs_vol_size
device.delete_on_termination = True
block_map["/dev/sdv"] = device
# Launch slaves
if opts.spot_price != None:
# Launch spot instances with the requested price
print ("Requesting %d slaves as spot instances with price $%.3f" %
(opts.slaves, opts.spot_price))
zones = get_zones(conn, opts)
num_zones = len(zones)
i = 0
my_req_ids = []
for zone in zones:
num_slaves_this_zone = get_partition(opts.slaves, num_zones, i)
slave_reqs = conn.request_spot_instances(
price = opts.spot_price,
image_id = opts.ami,
launch_group = "launch-group-%s" % cluster_name,
placement = zone,
count = num_slaves_this_zone,
key_name = opts.key_pair,
security_groups = [slave_group],
instance_type = opts.instance_type,
block_device_map = block_map)
my_req_ids += [req.id for req in slave_reqs]
i += 1
print "Waiting for spot instances to be granted..."
try:
while True:
time.sleep(10)
reqs = conn.get_all_spot_instance_requests()
id_to_req = {}
for r in reqs:
id_to_req[r.id] = r
active_instance_ids = []
for i in my_req_ids:
if i in id_to_req and id_to_req[i].state == "active":
active_instance_ids.append(id_to_req[i].instance_id)
if len(active_instance_ids) == opts.slaves:
print "All %d slaves granted" % opts.slaves
reservations = conn.get_all_instances(active_instance_ids)
slave_nodes = []
for r in reservations:
slave_nodes += r.instances
break
else:
print "%d of %d slaves granted, waiting longer" % (
len(active_instance_ids), opts.slaves)
except:
print "Canceling spot instance requests"
conn.cancel_spot_instance_requests(my_req_ids)
# Log a warning if any of these requests actually launched instances:
(master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes) = get_existing_cluster(
conn, opts, cluster_name, die_on_error=False)
running = len(master_nodes) + len(slave_nodes) + len(zoo_nodes)
if running:
print >> stderr, ("WARNING: %d instances are still running" % running)
sys.exit(0)
else:
# Launch non-spot instances
zones = get_zones(conn, opts)
num_zones = len(zones)
i = 0
slave_nodes = []
for zone in zones:
num_slaves_this_zone = get_partition(opts.slaves, num_zones, i)
slave_res = image.run(key_name = opts.key_pair,
security_groups = [slave_group],
instance_type = opts.instance_type,
placement = zone,
min_count = num_slaves_this_zone,
max_count = num_slaves_this_zone,
block_device_map = block_map)
slave_nodes += slave_res.instances
print "Launched %d slaves in %s, regid = %s" % (num_slaves_this_zone,
zone, slave_res.id)
i += 1
# Launch masters
master_type = opts.master_instance_type
if master_type == "":
master_type = opts.instance_type
if opts.zone == 'all':
opts.zone = random.choice(conn.get_all_zones()).name
master_res = image.run(key_name = opts.key_pair,
security_groups = [master_group],
instance_type = master_type,
placement = opts.zone,
min_count = 1,
max_count = 1,
block_device_map = block_map)
master_nodes = master_res.instances
print "Launched master in %s, regid = %s" % (zone, master_res.id)
zoo_nodes = []
# Return all the instances
return (master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes)
# Get the EC2 instances in an existing cluster if available.
# Returns a tuple of lists of EC2 instance objects for the masters,
# slaves and zookeeper nodes (in that order).
def get_existing_cluster(conn, opts, cluster_name, die_on_error=True):
print "Searching for existing cluster " + cluster_name + "..."
reservations = conn.get_all_instances()
master_nodes = []
slave_nodes = []
zoo_nodes = []
for res in reservations:
active = [i for i in res.instances if is_active(i)]
if len(active) > 0:
group_names = [g.name for g in res.groups]
if group_names == [cluster_name + "-master"]:
master_nodes += res.instances
elif group_names == [cluster_name + "-slaves"]:
slave_nodes += res.instances
elif group_names == [cluster_name + "-zoo"]:
zoo_nodes += res.instances
if any((master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes)):
print ("Found %d master(s), %d slaves, %d ZooKeeper nodes" %
(len(master_nodes), len(slave_nodes), len(zoo_nodes)))
if (master_nodes != [] and slave_nodes != []) or not die_on_error:
return (master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes)
else:
if master_nodes == [] and slave_nodes != []:
print "ERROR: Could not find master in group " + cluster_name + "-master"
elif master_nodes != [] and slave_nodes == []:
print "ERROR: Could not find slaves in group " + cluster_name + "-slaves"
else:
print "ERROR: Could not find any existing cluster"
sys.exit(1)
# Deploy configuration files and run setup scripts on a newly launched
# or started EC2 cluster.
def setup_cluster(conn, master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes, opts, deploy_ssh_key):
print "Deploying files to master..."
deploy_files(conn, "deploy.generic", opts, master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes)
master = master_nodes[0].public_dns_name
if deploy_ssh_key:
print "Copying SSH key %s to master..." % opts.identity_file
ssh(master, opts, 'mkdir -p ~/.ssh')
scp(master, opts, opts.identity_file, '~/.ssh/id_rsa')
print "Running setup on master..."
if opts.cluster_type == "mesos":
setup_mesos_cluster(master, opts)
elif opts.cluster_type == "standalone":
setup_standalone_cluster(master, slave_nodes, opts)
print "Done!"
def setup_mesos_cluster(master, opts):
ssh(master, opts, "chmod u+x mesos-ec2/setup")
ssh(master, opts, "mesos-ec2/setup %s %s %s %s" %
("generic", "none", "master", opts.swap))
def setup_standalone_cluster(master, slave_nodes, opts):
slave_ips = '\n'.join([i.public_dns_name for i in slave_nodes])
ssh(master, opts, "echo \"%s\" > spark/conf/slaves" % (slave_ips))
ssh(master, opts, "/root/spark/bin/start-all.sh")
# Wait for a whole cluster (masters, slaves and ZooKeeper) to start up
def wait_for_cluster(conn, wait_secs, master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes):
print "Waiting for instances to start up..."
time.sleep(5)
wait_for_instances(conn, master_nodes)
wait_for_instances(conn, slave_nodes)
if zoo_nodes != []:
wait_for_instances(conn, zoo_nodes)
print "Waiting %d more seconds..." % wait_secs
time.sleep(wait_secs)
# Get number of local disks available for a given EC2 instance type.
def get_num_disks(instance_type):
# From http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/index.html?InstanceStorage.html
disks_by_instance = {
"m1.small": 1,
"m1.medium": 1,
"m1.large": 2,
"m1.xlarge": 4,
"t1.micro": 1,
"c1.medium": 1,
"c1.xlarge": 4,
"m2.xlarge": 1,
"m2.2xlarge": 1,
"m2.4xlarge": 2,
"cc1.4xlarge": 2,
"cc2.8xlarge": 4,
"cg1.4xlarge": 2
}
if instance_type in disks_by_instance:
return disks_by_instance[instance_type]
else:
print >> stderr, ("WARNING: Don't know number of disks on instance type %s; assuming 1"
% instance_type)
return 1
# Deploy the configuration file templates in a given local directory to
# a cluster, filling in any template parameters with information about the
# cluster (e.g. lists of masters and slaves). Files are only deployed to
# the first master instance in the cluster, and we expect the setup
# script to be run on that instance to copy them to other nodes.
def deploy_files(conn, root_dir, opts, master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes):
active_master = master_nodes[0].public_dns_name
num_disks = get_num_disks(opts.instance_type)
hdfs_data_dirs = "/mnt/ephemeral-hdfs/data"
mapred_local_dirs = "/mnt/hadoop/mrlocal"
spark_local_dirs = "/mnt/spark"
if num_disks > 1:
for i in range(2, num_disks + 1):
hdfs_data_dirs += ",/mnt%d/ephemeral-hdfs/data" % i
mapred_local_dirs += ",/mnt%d/hadoop/mrlocal" % i
spark_local_dirs += ",/mnt%d/spark" % i
if zoo_nodes != []:
zoo_list = '\n'.join([i.public_dns_name for i in zoo_nodes])
cluster_url = "zoo://" + ",".join(
["%s:2181/mesos" % i.public_dns_name for i in zoo_nodes])
elif opts.cluster_type == "mesos":
zoo_list = "NONE"
cluster_url = "%s:5050" % active_master
elif opts.cluster_type == "standalone":
zoo_list = "NONE"
cluster_url = "%s:7077" % active_master
template_vars = {
"master_list": '\n'.join([i.public_dns_name for i in master_nodes]),
"active_master": active_master,
"slave_list": '\n'.join([i.public_dns_name for i in slave_nodes]),
"zoo_list": zoo_list,
"cluster_url": cluster_url,
"hdfs_data_dirs": hdfs_data_dirs,
"mapred_local_dirs": mapred_local_dirs,
"spark_local_dirs": spark_local_dirs
}
# Create a temp directory in which we will place all the files to be
# deployed after we substitue template parameters in them
tmp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
for path, dirs, files in os.walk(root_dir):
if path.find(".svn") == -1:
dest_dir = os.path.join('/', path[len(root_dir):])
local_dir = tmp_dir + dest_dir
if not os.path.exists(local_dir):
os.makedirs(local_dir)
for filename in files:
if filename[0] not in '#.~' and filename[-1] != '~':
dest_file = os.path.join(dest_dir, filename)
local_file = tmp_dir + dest_file
with open(os.path.join(path, filename)) as src:
with open(local_file, "w") as dest:
text = src.read()
for key in template_vars:
text = text.replace("{{" + key + "}}", template_vars[key])
dest.write(text)
dest.close()
# rsync the whole directory over to the master machine
command = (("rsync -rv -e 'ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -i %s' " +
"'%s/' '%s@%s:/'") % (opts.identity_file, tmp_dir, opts.user, active_master))
subprocess.check_call(command, shell=True)
# Remove the temp directory we created above
shutil.rmtree(tmp_dir)
# Copy a file to a given host through scp, throwing an exception if scp fails
def scp(host, opts, local_file, dest_file):
subprocess.check_call(
"scp -q -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -i %s '%s' '%s@%s:%s'" %
(opts.identity_file, local_file, opts.user, host, dest_file), shell=True)
# Run a command on a host through ssh, throwing an exception if ssh fails
def ssh(host, opts, command):
subprocess.check_call(
"ssh -t -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -i %s %s@%s '%s'" %
(opts.identity_file, opts.user, host, command), shell=True)
# Gets a list of zones to launch instances in
def get_zones(conn, opts):
if opts.zone == 'all':
zones = [z.name for z in conn.get_all_zones()]
else:
zones = [opts.zone]
return zones
# Gets the number of items in a partition
def get_partition(total, num_partitions, current_partitions):
num_slaves_this_zone = total / num_partitions
if (total % num_partitions) - current_partitions > 0:
num_slaves_this_zone += 1
return num_slaves_this_zone
def main():
(opts, action, cluster_name) = parse_args()
try:
conn = ec2.connect_to_region(opts.region)
except Exception as e:
print >> stderr, (e)
sys.exit(1)
# Select an AZ at random if it was not specified.
if opts.zone == "":
opts.zone = random.choice(conn.get_all_zones()).name
if action == "launch":
if opts.resume:
(master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes) = get_existing_cluster(
conn, opts, cluster_name)
else:
(master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes) = launch_cluster(
conn, opts, cluster_name)
wait_for_cluster(conn, opts.wait, master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes)
setup_cluster(conn, master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes, opts, True)
elif action == "destroy":
response = raw_input("Are you sure you want to destroy the cluster " +
cluster_name + "?\nALL DATA ON ALL NODES WILL BE LOST!!\n" +
"Destroy cluster " + cluster_name + " (y/N): ")
if response == "y":
(master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes) = get_existing_cluster(
conn, opts, cluster_name, die_on_error=False)
print "Terminating master..."
for inst in master_nodes:
inst.terminate()
print "Terminating slaves..."
for inst in slave_nodes:
inst.terminate()
if zoo_nodes != []:
print "Terminating zoo..."
for inst in zoo_nodes:
inst.terminate()
# Delete security groups as well
group_names = [cluster_name + "-master", cluster_name + "-slaves", cluster_name + "-zoo"]
groups = [g for g in conn.get_all_security_groups() if g.name in group_names]
# Delete individual rules in all groups before deleting groups to remove
# dependencies between them
for group in groups:
print "Deleting rules in security group " + group.name
for rule in group.rules:
for grant in rule.grants:
group.revoke(ip_protocol=rule.ip_protocol,
from_port=rule.from_port,
to_port=rule.to_port,
src_group=grant)
# Sleep for AWS eventual-consistency to catch up
time.sleep(30) # Yes, it does have to be this long :-(
for group in groups:
print "Deleting security group " + group.name
conn.delete_security_group(group.name)
elif action == "login":
(master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes) = get_existing_cluster(
conn, opts, cluster_name)
master = master_nodes[0].public_dns_name
print "Logging into master " + master + "..."
proxy_opt = ""
if opts.proxy_port != None:
proxy_opt = "-D " + opts.proxy_port
subprocess.check_call("ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -i %s %s %s@%s" %
(opts.identity_file, proxy_opt, opts.user, master), shell=True)
elif action == "get-master":
(master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes) = get_existing_cluster(conn, opts, cluster_name)
print master_nodes[0].public_dns_name
elif action == "stop":
response = raw_input("Are you sure you want to stop the cluster " +
cluster_name + "?\nDATA ON EPHEMERAL DISKS WILL BE LOST, " +
"BUT THE CLUSTER WILL KEEP USING SPACE ON\n" +
"AMAZON EBS IF IT IS EBS-BACKED!!\n" +
"Stop cluster " + cluster_name + " (y/N): ")
if response == "y":
(master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes) = get_existing_cluster(
conn, opts, cluster_name, die_on_error=False)
print "Stopping master..."
for inst in master_nodes:
if inst.state not in ["shutting-down", "terminated"]:
inst.stop()
print "Stopping slaves..."
for inst in slave_nodes:
if inst.state not in ["shutting-down", "terminated"]:
inst.stop()
if zoo_nodes != []:
print "Stopping zoo..."
for inst in zoo_nodes:
if inst.state not in ["shutting-down", "terminated"]:
inst.stop()
elif action == "start":
(master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes) = get_existing_cluster(
conn, opts, cluster_name)
print "Starting slaves..."
for inst in slave_nodes:
if inst.state not in ["shutting-down", "terminated"]:
inst.start()
print "Starting master..."
for inst in master_nodes:
if inst.state not in ["shutting-down", "terminated"]:
inst.start()
if zoo_nodes != []:
print "Starting zoo..."
for inst in zoo_nodes:
if inst.state not in ["shutting-down", "terminated"]:
inst.start()
wait_for_cluster(conn, opts.wait, master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes)
setup_cluster(conn, master_nodes, slave_nodes, zoo_nodes, opts, False)
else:
print >> stderr, "Invalid action: %s" % action
sys.exit(1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
logging.basicConfig()
main()