[SPARK-13812][SPARKR] Fix SparkR lint-r test errors.

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

This PR fixes all newly captured SparkR lint-r errors after the lintr package is updated from github.

## How was this patch tested?

dev/lint-r
SparkR unit tests

Author: Sun Rui <rui.sun@intel.com>

Closes #11652 from sun-rui/SPARK-13812.

11 files changed, 153 insertions, 153 deletions

diff --git a/R/pkg/inst/profile/general.R b/R/pkg/inst/profile/general.R
index c55fe9ba7a..8c75c19ca7 100644
--- a/R/pkg/inst/profile/general.R
+++ b/R/pkg/inst/profile/general.R
@@ -19,5 +19,5 @@
   packageDir <- Sys.getenv("SPARKR_PACKAGE_DIR")
   dirs <- strsplit(packageDir, ",")[[1]]
   .libPaths(c(dirs, .libPaths()))
-  Sys.setenv(NOAWT=1)
+  Sys.setenv(NOAWT = 1)
 }
diff --git a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/packageInAJarTest.R b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/packageInAJarTest.R
index 207a37a0cb..c26b28b78d 100644
--- a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/packageInAJarTest.R
+++ b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/packageInAJarTest.R
@@ -25,6 +25,6 @@ run2 <- myfunc(-4L)
 
 sparkR.stop()
 
-if(run1 != 6) quit(save = "no", status = 1)
+if (run1 != 6) quit(save = "no", status = 1)
 
-if(run2 != -3) quit(save = "no", status = 1)
+if (run2 != -3) quit(save = "no", status = 1)
diff --git a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_binaryFile.R b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_binaryFile.R
index f2452ed97d..976a7558a8 100644
--- a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_binaryFile.R
+++ b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_binaryFile.R
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ sc <- sparkR.init()
 mockFile <- c("Spark is pretty.", "Spark is awesome.")
 
 test_that("saveAsObjectFile()/objectFile() following textFile() works", {
-  fileName1 <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
-  fileName2 <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName1 <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
+  fileName2 <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName1)
 
   rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName1, 1)
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ test_that("saveAsObjectFile()/objectFile() following textFile() works", {
 })
 
 test_that("saveAsObjectFile()/objectFile() works on a parallelized list", {
-  fileName <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
 
   l <- list(1, 2, 3)
   rdd <- parallelize(sc, l, 1)
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ test_that("saveAsObjectFile()/objectFile() works on a parallelized list", {
 })
 
 test_that("saveAsObjectFile()/objectFile() following RDD transformations works", {
-  fileName1 <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
-  fileName2 <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName1 <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
+  fileName2 <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName1)
 
   rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName1)
@@ -73,8 +73,8 @@ test_that("saveAsObjectFile()/objectFile() following RDD transformations works",
 })
 
 test_that("saveAsObjectFile()/objectFile() works with multiple paths", {
-  fileName1 <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
-  fileName2 <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName1 <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
+  fileName2 <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
 
   rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, "Spark is pretty.")
   saveAsObjectFile(rdd1, fileName1)
diff --git a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_binary_function.R b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_binary_function.R
index f054ac9a87..7bad4d2a7e 100644
--- a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_binary_function.R
+++ b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_binary_function.R
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ test_that("union on two RDDs", {
   actual <- collect(unionRDD(rdd, rdd))
   expect_equal(actual, as.list(rep(nums, 2)))
 
-  fileName <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName)
 
   text.rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName)
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@ test_that("zipPartitions() on RDDs", {
   actual <- collect(zipPartitions(rdd1, rdd2, rdd3,
                                   func = function(x, y, z) { list(list(x, y, z))} ))
   expect_equal(actual,
-               list(list(1, c(1,2), c(1,2,3)), list(2, c(3,4), c(4,5,6))))
+               list(list(1, c(1, 2), c(1, 2, 3)), list(2, c(3, 4), c(4, 5, 6))))
 
   mockFile <- c("Spark is pretty.", "Spark is awesome.")
-  fileName <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName)
 
   rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName, 1)
diff --git a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_broadcast.R b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_broadcast.R
index bb86a5c922..8be6efc3db 100644
--- a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_broadcast.R
+++ b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_broadcast.R
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ nums <- 1:2
 rrdd <- parallelize(sc, nums, 2L)
 
 test_that("using broadcast variable", {
-  randomMat <- matrix(nrow=10, ncol=10, data=rnorm(100))
+  randomMat <- matrix(nrow = 10, ncol = 10, data = rnorm(100))
   randomMatBr <- broadcast(sc, randomMat)
 
   useBroadcast <- function(x) {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ test_that("using broadcast variable", {
 })
 
 test_that("without using broadcast variable", {
-  randomMat <- matrix(nrow=10, ncol=10, data=rnorm(100))
+  randomMat <- matrix(nrow = 10, ncol = 10, data = rnorm(100))
 
   useBroadcast <- function(x) {
     sum(randomMat * x)
diff --git a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_mllib.R b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_mllib.R
index af84a0abcf..e120462964 100644
--- a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_mllib.R
+++ b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_mllib.R
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ test_that("summary coefficients match with native glm of family 'binomial'", {
   training <- filter(df, df$Species != "setosa")
   stats <- summary(glm(Species ~ Sepal_Length + Sepal_Width, data = training,
     family = "binomial"))
-  coefs <- as.vector(stats$coefficients[,1])
+  coefs <- as.vector(stats$coefficients[, 1])
 
-  rTraining <- iris[iris$Species %in% c("versicolor","virginica"),]
+  rTraining <- iris[iris$Species %in% c("versicolor", "virginica"), ]
   rCoefs <- as.vector(coef(glm(Species ~ Sepal.Length + Sepal.Width, data = rTraining,
     family = binomial(link = "logit"))))
 
diff --git a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_rdd.R b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_rdd.R
index 1b3a22486e..3b0c16be5a 100644
--- a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_rdd.R
+++ b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_rdd.R
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ test_that("mapPartitions on RDD", {
 test_that("flatMap() on RDDs", {
   flat <- flatMap(intRdd, function(x) { list(x, x) })
   actual <- collect(flat)
-  expect_equal(actual, rep(intPairs, each=2))
+  expect_equal(actual, rep(intPairs, each = 2))
 })
 
 test_that("filterRDD on RDD", {
@@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ test_that("mapValues() on pairwise RDDs", {
 })
 
 test_that("flatMapValues() on pairwise RDDs", {
-  l <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, c(1,2)), list(2, c(3,4))))
+  l <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, c(1, 2)), list(2, c(3, 4))))
   actual <- collect(flatMapValues(l, function(x) { x }))
-  expect_equal(actual, list(list(1,1), list(1,2), list(2,3), list(2,4)))
+  expect_equal(actual, list(list(1, 1), list(1, 2), list(2, 3), list(2, 4)))
 
   # Generate x to x+1 for every value
   actual <- collect(flatMapValues(intRdd, function(x) { x: (x + 1) }))
@@ -448,12 +448,12 @@ test_that("zipRDD() on RDDs", {
                list(list(0, 1000), list(1, 1001), list(2, 1002), list(3, 1003), list(4, 1004)))
 
   mockFile <- c("Spark is pretty.", "Spark is awesome.")
-  fileName <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName)
 
   rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName, 1)
   actual <- collect(zipRDD(rdd, rdd))
-  expected <- lapply(mockFile, function(x) { list(x ,x) })
+  expected <- lapply(mockFile, function(x) { list(x, x) })
   expect_equal(actual, expected)
 
   rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, 0:1, 1)
@@ -484,7 +484,7 @@ test_that("cartesian() on RDDs", {
   expect_equal(actual, list())
 
   mockFile <- c("Spark is pretty.", "Spark is awesome.")
-  fileName <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName)
 
   rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName)
@@ -523,19 +523,19 @@ test_that("subtract() on RDDs", {
   # subtract by an empty RDD
   rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list())
   actual <- collect(subtract(rdd1, rdd2))
-  expect_equal(as.list(sort(as.vector(actual, mode="integer"))),
+  expect_equal(as.list(sort(as.vector(actual, mode = "integer"))),
                l)
 
   rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(2, 4))
   actual <- collect(subtract(rdd1, rdd2))
-  expect_equal(as.list(sort(as.vector(actual, mode="integer"))),
+  expect_equal(as.list(sort(as.vector(actual, mode = "integer"))),
                list(1, 1, 3))
 
   l <- list("a", "a", "b", "b", "c", "d")
   rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, l)
   rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list("b", "d"))
   actual <- collect(subtract(rdd1, rdd2))
-  expect_equal(as.list(sort(as.vector(actual, mode="character"))),
+  expect_equal(as.list(sort(as.vector(actual, mode = "character"))),
                list("a", "a", "c"))
 })
 
@@ -585,53 +585,53 @@ test_that("intersection() on RDDs", {
 })
 
 test_that("join() on pairwise RDDs", {
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1,1), list(2,4)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1,2), list(1,3)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, 1), list(2, 4)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, 2), list(1, 3)))
   actual <- collect(join(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual),
                sortKeyValueList(list(list(1, list(1, 2)), list(1, list(1, 3)))))
 
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a",1), list("b",4)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a",2), list("a",3)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a", 1), list("b", 4)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a", 2), list("a", 3)))
   actual <- collect(join(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual),
                sortKeyValueList(list(list("a", list(1, 2)), list("a", list(1, 3)))))
 
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1,1), list(2,2)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(3,3), list(4,4)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, 1), list(2, 2)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(3, 3), list(4, 4)))
   actual <- collect(join(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expect_equal(actual, list())
 
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a",1), list("b",2)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("c",3), list("d",4)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a", 1), list("b", 2)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("c", 3), list("d", 4)))
   actual <- collect(join(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expect_equal(actual, list())
 })
 
 test_that("leftOuterJoin() on pairwise RDDs", {
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1,1), list(2,4)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1,2), list(1,3)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, 1), list(2, 4)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, 2), list(1, 3)))
   actual <- collect(leftOuterJoin(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expected <- list(list(1, list(1, 2)), list(1, list(1, 3)), list(2, list(4, NULL)))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual),
                sortKeyValueList(expected))
 
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a",1), list("b",4)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a",2), list("a",3)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a", 1), list("b", 4)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a", 2), list("a", 3)))
   actual <- collect(leftOuterJoin(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expected <-  list(list("b", list(4, NULL)), list("a", list(1, 2)), list("a", list(1, 3)))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual),
                sortKeyValueList(expected))
 
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1,1), list(2,2)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(3,3), list(4,4)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, 1), list(2, 2)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(3, 3), list(4, 4)))
   actual <- collect(leftOuterJoin(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expected <- list(list(1, list(1, NULL)), list(2, list(2, NULL)))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual),
                sortKeyValueList(expected))
 
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a",1), list("b",2)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("c",3), list("d",4)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a", 1), list("b", 2)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("c", 3), list("d", 4)))
   actual <- collect(leftOuterJoin(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expected <- list(list("b", list(2, NULL)), list("a", list(1, NULL)))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual),
@@ -639,57 +639,57 @@ test_that("leftOuterJoin() on pairwise RDDs", {
 })
 
 test_that("rightOuterJoin() on pairwise RDDs", {
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1,2), list(1,3)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1,1), list(2,4)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, 2), list(1, 3)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, 1), list(2, 4)))
   actual <- collect(rightOuterJoin(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expected <- list(list(1, list(2, 1)), list(1, list(3, 1)), list(2, list(NULL, 4)))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual), sortKeyValueList(expected))
 
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a",2), list("a",3)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a",1), list("b",4)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a", 2), list("a", 3)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a", 1), list("b", 4)))
   actual <- collect(rightOuterJoin(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expected <- list(list("b", list(NULL, 4)), list("a", list(2, 1)), list("a", list(3, 1)))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual),
                sortKeyValueList(expected))
 
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1,1), list(2,2)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(3,3), list(4,4)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, 1), list(2, 2)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(3, 3), list(4, 4)))
   actual <- collect(rightOuterJoin(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual),
                sortKeyValueList(list(list(3, list(NULL, 3)), list(4, list(NULL, 4)))))
 
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a",1), list("b",2)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("c",3), list("d",4)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a", 1), list("b", 2)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("c", 3), list("d", 4)))
   actual <- collect(rightOuterJoin(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual),
                sortKeyValueList(list(list("d", list(NULL, 4)), list("c", list(NULL, 3)))))
 })
 
 test_that("fullOuterJoin() on pairwise RDDs", {
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1,2), list(1,3), list(3,3)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1,1), list(2,4)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, 2), list(1, 3), list(3, 3)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, 1), list(2, 4)))
   actual <- collect(fullOuterJoin(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expected <- list(list(1, list(2, 1)), list(1, list(3, 1)),
                    list(2, list(NULL, 4)), list(3, list(3, NULL)))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual), sortKeyValueList(expected))
 
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a",2), list("a",3), list("c", 1)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a",1), list("b",4)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a", 2), list("a", 3), list("c", 1)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a", 1), list("b", 4)))
   actual <- collect(fullOuterJoin(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expected <- list(list("b", list(NULL, 4)), list("a", list(2, 1)),
                    list("a", list(3, 1)), list("c", list(1, NULL)))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual),
                sortKeyValueList(expected))
 
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1,1), list(2,2)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(3,3), list(4,4)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(1, 1), list(2, 2)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list(3, 3), list(4, 4)))
   actual <- collect(fullOuterJoin(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual),
                sortKeyValueList(list(list(1, list(1, NULL)), list(2, list(2, NULL)),
                                      list(3, list(NULL, 3)), list(4, list(NULL, 4)))))
 
-  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a",1), list("b",2)))
-  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("c",3), list("d",4)))
+  rdd1 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("a", 1), list("b", 2)))
+  rdd2 <- parallelize(sc, list(list("c", 3), list("d", 4)))
   actual <- collect(fullOuterJoin(rdd1, rdd2, 2L))
   expect_equal(sortKeyValueList(actual),
                sortKeyValueList(list(list("a", list(1, NULL)), list("b", list(2, NULL)),
diff --git a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_sparkSQL.R b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_sparkSQL.R
index 11a8f12fd5..63acbadfa6 100644
--- a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_sparkSQL.R
+++ b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_sparkSQL.R
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ sqlContext <- sparkRSQL.init(sc)
 mockLines <- c("{\"name\":\"Michael\"}",
                "{\"name\":\"Andy\", \"age\":30}",
                "{\"name\":\"Justin\", \"age\":19}")
-jsonPath <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
-parquetPath <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".parquet")
+jsonPath <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
+parquetPath <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".parquet")
 writeLines(mockLines, jsonPath)
 
 # For test nafunctions, like dropna(), fillna(),...
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ mockLinesNa <- c("{\"name\":\"Bob\",\"age\":16,\"height\":176.5}",
                  "{\"name\":\"David\",\"age\":60,\"height\":null}",
                  "{\"name\":\"Amy\",\"age\":null,\"height\":null}",
                  "{\"name\":null,\"age\":null,\"height\":null}")
-jsonPathNa <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
+jsonPathNa <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
 writeLines(mockLinesNa, jsonPathNa)
 
 # For test complex types in DataFrame
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ mockLinesComplexType <-
   c("{\"c1\":[1, 2, 3], \"c2\":[\"a\", \"b\", \"c\"], \"c3\":[1.0, 2.0, 3.0]}",
     "{\"c1\":[4, 5, 6], \"c2\":[\"d\", \"e\", \"f\"], \"c3\":[4.0, 5.0, 6.0]}",
     "{\"c1\":[7, 8, 9], \"c2\":[\"g\", \"h\", \"i\"], \"c3\":[7.0, 8.0, 9.0]}")
-complexTypeJsonPath <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
+complexTypeJsonPath <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
 writeLines(mockLinesComplexType, complexTypeJsonPath)
 
 test_that("calling sparkRSQL.init returns existing SQL context", {
@@ -151,9 +151,9 @@ test_that("create DataFrame from RDD", {
   expect_equal(as.list(collect(where(df2AsDF, df2AsDF$name == "Bob"))),
                list(name = "Bob", age = 16, height = 176.5))
 
-  localDF <- data.frame(name=c("John", "Smith", "Sarah"),
-                        age=c(19L, 23L, 18L),
-                        height=c(176.5, 181.4, 173.7))
+  localDF <- data.frame(name = c("John", "Smith", "Sarah"),
+                        age = c(19L, 23L, 18L),
+                        height = c(176.5, 181.4, 173.7))
   df <- createDataFrame(sqlContext, localDF, schema)
   expect_is(df, "DataFrame")
   expect_equal(count(df), 3)
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ test_that("create DataFrame from list or data.frame", {
 
   irisdf <- suppressWarnings(createDataFrame(sqlContext, iris))
   iris_collected <- collect(irisdf)
-  expect_equivalent(iris_collected[,-5], iris[,-5])
+  expect_equivalent(iris_collected[, -5], iris[, -5])
   expect_equal(iris_collected$Species, as.character(iris$Species))
 
   mtcarsdf <- createDataFrame(sqlContext, mtcars)
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ test_that("create DataFrame from a data.frame with complex types", {
 mockLinesMapType <- c("{\"name\":\"Bob\",\"info\":{\"age\":16,\"height\":176.5}}",
                       "{\"name\":\"Alice\",\"info\":{\"age\":20,\"height\":164.3}}",
                       "{\"name\":\"David\",\"info\":{\"age\":60,\"height\":180}}")
-mapTypeJsonPath <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
+mapTypeJsonPath <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
 writeLines(mockLinesMapType, mapTypeJsonPath)
 
 test_that("Collect DataFrame with complex types", {
@@ -399,11 +399,11 @@ test_that("read/write json files", {
   expect_equal(count(df), 3)
 
   # Test write.df
-  jsonPath2 <- tempfile(pattern="jsonPath2", fileext=".json")
-  write.df(df, jsonPath2, "json", mode="overwrite")
+  jsonPath2 <- tempfile(pattern = "jsonPath2", fileext = ".json")
+  write.df(df, jsonPath2, "json", mode = "overwrite")
 
   # Test write.json
-  jsonPath3 <- tempfile(pattern="jsonPath3", fileext=".json")
+  jsonPath3 <- tempfile(pattern = "jsonPath3", fileext = ".json")
   write.json(df, jsonPath3)
 
   # Test read.json()/jsonFile() works with multiple input paths
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ test_that("insertInto() on a registered table", {
 
   lines <- c("{\"name\":\"Bob\", \"age\":24}",
              "{\"name\":\"James\", \"age\":35}")
-  jsonPath2 <- tempfile(pattern="jsonPath2", fileext=".tmp")
+  jsonPath2 <- tempfile(pattern = "jsonPath2", fileext = ".tmp")
   parquetPath2 <- tempfile(pattern = "parquetPath2", fileext = ".parquet")
   writeLines(lines, jsonPath2)
   df2 <- read.df(sqlContext, jsonPath2, "json")
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ test_that("union on mixed serialization types correctly returns a byte RRDD", {
   textLines <- c("Michael",
                  "Andy, 30",
                  "Justin, 19")
-  textPath <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-textLines", fileext=".tmp")
+  textPath <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-textLines", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(textLines, textPath)
   textRDD <- textFile(sc, textPath)
 
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ test_that("union on mixed serialization types correctly returns a byte RRDD", {
 })
 
 test_that("objectFile() works with row serialization", {
-  objectPath <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  objectPath <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   df <- read.json(sqlContext, jsonPath)
   dfRDD <- toRDD(df)
   saveAsObjectFile(coalesce(dfRDD, 1L), objectPath)
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ test_that("collect() support Unicode characters", {
              "{\"name\":\"こんにちは\", \"age\":19}",
              "{\"name\":\"Xin chào\"}")
 
-  jsonPath <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  jsonPath <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(lines, jsonPath)
 
   df <- read.df(sqlContext, jsonPath, "json")
@@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ test_that("names() colnames() set the column names", {
   # Test base::colnames base::names
   m2 <- cbind(1, 1:4)
   expect_equal(colnames(m2, do.NULL = FALSE), c("col1", "col2"))
-  colnames(m2) <- c("x","Y")
+  colnames(m2) <- c("x", "Y")
   expect_equal(colnames(m2), c("x", "Y"))
 
   z <- list(a = 1, b = "c", c = 1:3)
@@ -745,7 +745,7 @@ test_that("distinct(), unique() and dropDuplicates() on DataFrames", {
              "{\"name\":\"Andy\", \"age\":30}",
              "{\"name\":\"Justin\", \"age\":19}",
              "{\"name\":\"Justin\", \"age\":19}")
-  jsonPathWithDup <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  jsonPathWithDup <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(lines, jsonPathWithDup)
 
   df <- read.json(sqlContext, jsonPathWithDup)
@@ -774,7 +774,7 @@ test_that("distinct(), unique() and dropDuplicates() on DataFrames", {
     c(2, 2, 1), c(2, 2, 2))
   names(expected) <- c("key", "value1", "value2")
   expect_equivalent(
-    result[order(result$key, result$value1, result$value2),],
+    result[order(result$key, result$value1, result$value2), ],
     expected)
 
   result <- collect(dropDuplicates(df, c("key", "value1")))
@@ -782,7 +782,7 @@ test_that("distinct(), unique() and dropDuplicates() on DataFrames", {
     c(1, 1, 1), c(1, 2, 1), c(2, 1, 2), c(2, 2, 2))
   names(expected) <- c("key", "value1", "value2")
   expect_equivalent(
-    result[order(result$key, result$value1, result$value2),],
+    result[order(result$key, result$value1, result$value2), ],
     expected)
 
   result <- collect(dropDuplicates(df, "key"))
@@ -790,7 +790,7 @@ test_that("distinct(), unique() and dropDuplicates() on DataFrames", {
     c(1, 1, 1), c(2, 1, 2))
   names(expected) <- c("key", "value1", "value2")
   expect_equivalent(
-    result[order(result$key, result$value1, result$value2),],
+    result[order(result$key, result$value1, result$value2), ],
     expected)
 })
 
@@ -822,10 +822,10 @@ test_that("select operators", {
   expect_is(df[[2]], "Column")
   expect_is(df[["age"]], "Column")
 
-  expect_is(df[,1], "DataFrame")
-  expect_equal(columns(df[,1]), c("name"))
-  expect_equal(columns(df[,"age"]), c("age"))
-  df2 <- df[,c("age", "name")]
+  expect_is(df[, 1], "DataFrame")
+  expect_equal(columns(df[, 1]), c("name"))
+  expect_equal(columns(df[, "age"]), c("age"))
+  df2 <- df[, c("age", "name")]
   expect_is(df2, "DataFrame")
   expect_equal(columns(df2), c("age", "name"))
 
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ test_that("drop column", {
 test_that("subsetting", {
   # read.json returns columns in random order
   df <- select(read.json(sqlContext, jsonPath), "name", "age")
-  filtered <- df[df$age > 20,]
+  filtered <- df[df$age > 20, ]
   expect_equal(count(filtered), 1)
   expect_equal(columns(filtered), c("name", "age"))
   expect_equal(collect(filtered)$name, "Andy")
@@ -903,11 +903,11 @@ test_that("subsetting", {
   expect_equal(count(df4), 2)
   expect_equal(columns(df4), c("name", "age"))
 
-  df5 <- df[df$age %in% c(19), c(1,2)]
+  df5 <- df[df$age %in% c(19), c(1, 2)]
   expect_equal(count(df5), 1)
   expect_equal(columns(df5), c("name", "age"))
 
-  df6 <- subset(df, df$age %in% c(30), c(1,2))
+  df6 <- subset(df, df$age %in% c(30), c(1, 2))
   expect_equal(count(df6), 1)
   expect_equal(columns(df6), c("name", "age"))
 
@@ -959,22 +959,22 @@ test_that("test HiveContext", {
   expect_is(df2, "DataFrame")
   expect_equal(count(df2), 3)
 
-  jsonPath2 <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  jsonPath2 <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   invisible(saveAsTable(df, "json2", "json", "append", path = jsonPath2))
   df3 <- sql(hiveCtx, "select * from json2")
   expect_is(df3, "DataFrame")
   expect_equal(count(df3), 3)
   unlink(jsonPath2)
 
-  hivetestDataPath <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  hivetestDataPath <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   invisible(saveAsTable(df, "hivetestbl", path = hivetestDataPath))
   df4 <- sql(hiveCtx, "select * from hivetestbl")
   expect_is(df4, "DataFrame")
   expect_equal(count(df4), 3)
   unlink(hivetestDataPath)
 
-  parquetDataPath <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
-  invisible(saveAsTable(df, "parquetest", "parquet", mode="overwrite", path=parquetDataPath))
+  parquetDataPath <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
+  invisible(saveAsTable(df, "parquetest", "parquet", mode = "overwrite", path = parquetDataPath))
   df5 <- sql(hiveCtx, "select * from parquetest")
   expect_is(df5, "DataFrame")
   expect_equal(count(df5), 3)
@@ -1094,7 +1094,7 @@ test_that("column binary mathfunctions", {
              "{\"a\":2, \"b\":6}",
              "{\"a\":3, \"b\":7}",
              "{\"a\":4, \"b\":8}")
-  jsonPathWithDup <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  jsonPathWithDup <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(lines, jsonPathWithDup)
   df <- read.json(sqlContext, jsonPathWithDup)
   expect_equal(collect(select(df, atan2(df$a, df$b)))[1, "ATAN2(a, b)"], atan2(1, 5))
@@ -1244,7 +1244,7 @@ test_that("group by, agg functions", {
   df3 <- agg(gd, age = "stddev")
   expect_is(df3, "DataFrame")
   df3_local <- collect(df3)
-  expect_true(is.nan(df3_local[df3_local$name == "Andy",][1, 2]))
+  expect_true(is.nan(df3_local[df3_local$name == "Andy", ][1, 2]))
 
   df4 <- agg(gd, sumAge = sum(df$age))
   expect_is(df4, "DataFrame")
@@ -1264,34 +1264,34 @@ test_that("group by, agg functions", {
                   "{\"name\":\"ID1\", \"value\": \"10\"}",
                   "{\"name\":\"ID1\", \"value\": \"22\"}",
                   "{\"name\":\"ID2\", \"value\": \"-3\"}")
-  jsonPath2 <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  jsonPath2 <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockLines2, jsonPath2)
   gd2 <- groupBy(read.json(sqlContext, jsonPath2), "name")
   df6 <- agg(gd2, value = "sum")
   df6_local <- collect(df6)
-  expect_equal(42, df6_local[df6_local$name == "ID1",][1, 2])
-  expect_equal(-3, df6_local[df6_local$name == "ID2",][1, 2])
+  expect_equal(42, df6_local[df6_local$name == "ID1", ][1, 2])
+  expect_equal(-3, df6_local[df6_local$name == "ID2", ][1, 2])
 
   df7 <- agg(gd2, value = "stddev")
   df7_local <- collect(df7)
-  expect_true(abs(df7_local[df7_local$name == "ID1",][1, 2] - 6.928203) < 1e-6)
-  expect_true(is.nan(df7_local[df7_local$name == "ID2",][1, 2]))
+  expect_true(abs(df7_local[df7_local$name == "ID1", ][1, 2] - 6.928203) < 1e-6)
+  expect_true(is.nan(df7_local[df7_local$name == "ID2", ][1, 2]))
 
   mockLines3 <- c("{\"name\":\"Andy\", \"age\":30}",
                   "{\"name\":\"Andy\", \"age\":30}",
                   "{\"name\":\"Justin\", \"age\":19}",
                   "{\"name\":\"Justin\", \"age\":1}")
-  jsonPath3 <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  jsonPath3 <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockLines3, jsonPath3)
   df8 <- read.json(sqlContext, jsonPath3)
   gd3 <- groupBy(df8, "name")
   gd3_local <- collect(sum(gd3))
-  expect_equal(60, gd3_local[gd3_local$name == "Andy",][1, 2])
-  expect_equal(20, gd3_local[gd3_local$name == "Justin",][1, 2])
+  expect_equal(60, gd3_local[gd3_local$name == "Andy", ][1, 2])
+  expect_equal(20, gd3_local[gd3_local$name == "Justin", ][1, 2])
 
   expect_true(abs(collect(agg(df, sd(df$age)))[1, 1] - 7.778175) < 1e-6)
   gd3_local <- collect(agg(gd3, var(df8$age)))
-  expect_equal(162, gd3_local[gd3_local$name == "Justin",][1, 2])
+  expect_equal(162, gd3_local[gd3_local$name == "Justin", ][1, 2])
 
   # Test stats::sd, stats::var are working
   expect_true(abs(sd(1:2) - 0.7071068) < 1e-6)
@@ -1304,10 +1304,10 @@ test_that("group by, agg functions", {
 test_that("arrange() and orderBy() on a DataFrame", {
   df <- read.json(sqlContext, jsonPath)
   sorted <- arrange(df, df$age)
-  expect_equal(collect(sorted)[1,2], "Michael")
+  expect_equal(collect(sorted)[1, 2], "Michael")
 
   sorted2 <- arrange(df, "name", decreasing = FALSE)
-  expect_equal(collect(sorted2)[2,"age"], 19)
+  expect_equal(collect(sorted2)[2, "age"], 19)
 
   sorted3 <- orderBy(df, asc(df$age))
   expect_true(is.na(first(sorted3)$age))
@@ -1315,16 +1315,16 @@ test_that("arrange() and orderBy() on a DataFrame", {
 
   sorted4 <- orderBy(df, desc(df$name))
   expect_equal(first(sorted4)$name, "Michael")
-  expect_equal(collect(sorted4)[3,"name"], "Andy")
+  expect_equal(collect(sorted4)[3, "name"], "Andy")
 
   sorted5 <- arrange(df, "age", "name", decreasing = TRUE)
-  expect_equal(collect(sorted5)[1,2], "Andy")
+  expect_equal(collect(sorted5)[1, 2], "Andy")
 
-  sorted6 <- arrange(df, "age","name", decreasing = c(T, F))
-  expect_equal(collect(sorted6)[1,2], "Andy")
+  sorted6 <- arrange(df, "age", "name", decreasing = c(T, F))
+  expect_equal(collect(sorted6)[1, 2], "Andy")
 
   sorted7 <- arrange(df, "name", decreasing = FALSE)
-  expect_equal(collect(sorted7)[2,"age"], 19)
+  expect_equal(collect(sorted7)[2, "age"], 19)
 })
 
 test_that("filter() on a DataFrame", {
@@ -1357,7 +1357,7 @@ test_that("join() and merge() on a DataFrame", {
                   "{\"name\":\"Andy\",  \"test\": \"no\"}",
                   "{\"name\":\"Justin\", \"test\": \"yes\"}",
                   "{\"name\":\"Bob\", \"test\": \"yes\"}")
-  jsonPath2 <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  jsonPath2 <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockLines2, jsonPath2)
   df2 <- read.json(sqlContext, jsonPath2)
 
@@ -1409,12 +1409,12 @@ test_that("join() and merge() on a DataFrame", {
   expect_equal(names(merged), c("age", "name_x", "name_y", "test"))
   expect_equal(collect(orderBy(merged, merged$name_x))$age[3], 19)
 
-  merged <- merge(df, df2, suffixes = c("-X","-Y"))
+  merged <- merge(df, df2, suffixes = c("-X", "-Y"))
   expect_equal(count(merged), 3)
   expect_equal(names(merged), c("age", "name-X", "name-Y", "test"))
   expect_equal(collect(orderBy(merged, merged$"name-X"))$age[1], 30)
 
-  merged <- merge(df, df2, by = "name", suffixes = c("-X","-Y"), sort = FALSE)
+  merged <- merge(df, df2, by = "name", suffixes = c("-X", "-Y"), sort = FALSE)
   expect_equal(count(merged), 3)
   expect_equal(names(merged), c("age", "name-X", "name-Y", "test"))
   expect_equal(collect(orderBy(merged, merged$"name-Y"))$"name-X"[3], "Michael")
@@ -1432,7 +1432,7 @@ test_that("join() and merge() on a DataFrame", {
                   "{\"name\":\"Andy\", \"name_y\":\"Andy\", \"test\": \"no\"}",
                   "{\"name\":\"Justin\", \"name_y\":\"Justin\", \"test\": \"yes\"}",
                   "{\"name\":\"Bob\", \"name_y\":\"Bob\", \"test\": \"yes\"}")
-  jsonPath3 <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  jsonPath3 <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockLines3, jsonPath3)
   df3 <- read.json(sqlContext, jsonPath3)
   expect_error(merge(df, df3),
@@ -1460,8 +1460,8 @@ test_that("showDF()", {
                     "|null|Michael|\n",
                     "|  30|   Andy|\n",
                     "|  19| Justin|\n",
-                    "+----+-------+\n", sep="")
-  expect_output(s , expected)
+                    "+----+-------+\n", sep = "")
+  expect_output(s, expected)
 })
 
 test_that("isLocal()", {
@@ -1475,7 +1475,7 @@ test_that("unionAll(), rbind(), except(), and intersect() on a DataFrame", {
   lines <- c("{\"name\":\"Bob\", \"age\":24}",
              "{\"name\":\"Andy\", \"age\":30}",
              "{\"name\":\"James\", \"age\":35}")
-  jsonPath2 <- tempfile(pattern="sparkr-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  jsonPath2 <- tempfile(pattern = "sparkr-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(lines, jsonPath2)
   df2 <- read.df(sqlContext, jsonPath2, "json")
 
@@ -1558,7 +1558,7 @@ test_that("mutate(), transform(), rename() and names()", {
 test_that("read/write Parquet files", {
   df <- read.df(sqlContext, jsonPath, "json")
   # Test write.df and read.df
-  write.df(df, parquetPath, "parquet", mode="overwrite")
+  write.df(df, parquetPath, "parquet", mode = "overwrite")
   df2 <- read.df(sqlContext, parquetPath, "parquet")
   expect_is(df2, "DataFrame")
   expect_equal(count(df2), 3)
@@ -1593,7 +1593,7 @@ test_that("read/write text files", {
   expect_equal(colnames(df), c("value"))
   expect_equal(count(df), 3)
   textPath <- tempfile(pattern = "textPath", fileext = ".txt")
-  write.df(df, textPath, "text", mode="overwrite")
+  write.df(df, textPath, "text", mode = "overwrite")
 
   # Test write.text and read.text
   textPath2 <- tempfile(pattern = "textPath2", fileext = ".txt")
@@ -1631,13 +1631,13 @@ test_that("dropna() and na.omit() on a DataFrame", {
 
   # drop with columns
 
-  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$name),]
+  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$name), ]
   actual <- collect(dropna(df, cols = "name"))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
   actual <- collect(na.omit(df, cols = "name"))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
 
-  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age),]
+  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age), ]
   actual <- collect(dropna(df, cols = "age"))
   row.names(expected) <- row.names(actual)
   # identical on two dataframes does not work here. Don't know why.
@@ -1647,13 +1647,13 @@ test_that("dropna() and na.omit() on a DataFrame", {
   expect_identical(expected$name, actual$name)
   actual <- collect(na.omit(df, cols = "age"))
 
-  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) & !is.na(rows$height),]
+  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) & !is.na(rows$height), ]
   actual <- collect(dropna(df, cols = c("age", "height")))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
   actual <- collect(na.omit(df, cols = c("age", "height")))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
 
-  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) & !is.na(rows$height) & !is.na(rows$name),]
+  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) & !is.na(rows$height) & !is.na(rows$name), ]
   actual <- collect(dropna(df))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
   actual <- collect(na.omit(df))
@@ -1661,31 +1661,31 @@ test_that("dropna() and na.omit() on a DataFrame", {
 
   # drop with how
 
-  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) & !is.na(rows$height) & !is.na(rows$name),]
+  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) & !is.na(rows$height) & !is.na(rows$name), ]
   actual <- collect(dropna(df))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
   actual <- collect(na.omit(df))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
 
-  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) | !is.na(rows$height) | !is.na(rows$name),]
+  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) | !is.na(rows$height) | !is.na(rows$name), ]
   actual <- collect(dropna(df, "all"))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
   actual <- collect(na.omit(df, "all"))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
 
-  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) & !is.na(rows$height) & !is.na(rows$name),]
+  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) & !is.na(rows$height) & !is.na(rows$name), ]
   actual <- collect(dropna(df, "any"))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
   actual <- collect(na.omit(df, "any"))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
 
-  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) & !is.na(rows$height),]
+  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) & !is.na(rows$height), ]
   actual <- collect(dropna(df, "any", cols = c("age", "height")))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
   actual <- collect(na.omit(df, "any", cols = c("age", "height")))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
 
-  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) | !is.na(rows$height),]
+  expected <- rows[!is.na(rows$age) | !is.na(rows$height), ]
   actual <- collect(dropna(df, "all", cols = c("age", "height")))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
   actual <- collect(na.omit(df, "all", cols = c("age", "height")))
@@ -1693,7 +1693,7 @@ test_that("dropna() and na.omit() on a DataFrame", {
 
   # drop with threshold
 
-  expected <- rows[as.integer(!is.na(rows$age)) + as.integer(!is.na(rows$height)) >= 2,]
+  expected <- rows[as.integer(!is.na(rows$age)) + as.integer(!is.na(rows$height)) >= 2, ]
   actual <- collect(dropna(df, minNonNulls = 2, cols = c("age", "height")))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
   actual <- collect(na.omit(df, minNonNulls = 2, cols = c("age", "height")))
@@ -1701,7 +1701,7 @@ test_that("dropna() and na.omit() on a DataFrame", {
 
   expected <- rows[as.integer(!is.na(rows$age)) +
                    as.integer(!is.na(rows$height)) +
-                   as.integer(!is.na(rows$name)) >= 3,]
+                   as.integer(!is.na(rows$name)) >= 3, ]
   actual <- collect(dropna(df, minNonNulls = 3, cols = c("name", "age", "height")))
   expect_identical(expected, actual)
   actual <- collect(na.omit(df, minNonNulls = 3, cols = c("name", "age", "height")))
@@ -1754,7 +1754,7 @@ test_that("crosstab() on a DataFrame", {
   })
   df <- toDF(rdd, list("a", "b"))
   ct <- crosstab(df, "a", "b")
-  ordered <- ct[order(ct$a_b),]
+  ordered <- ct[order(ct$a_b), ]
   row.names(ordered) <- NULL
   expected <- data.frame("a_b" = c("a0", "a1", "a2"), "b0" = c(1, 0, 1), "b1" = c(1, 1, 0),
                          stringsAsFactors = FALSE, row.names = NULL)
@@ -1782,10 +1782,10 @@ test_that("freqItems() on a DataFrame", {
                     negDoubles = input * -1.0, stringsAsFactors = F)
   rdf[ input %% 3 == 0, ] <- c(1, "1", -1)
   df <- createDataFrame(sqlContext, rdf)
-  multiColResults <- freqItems(df, c("numbers", "letters"), support=0.1)
+  multiColResults <- freqItems(df, c("numbers", "letters"), support = 0.1)
   expect_true(1 %in% multiColResults$numbers[[1]])
   expect_true("1" %in% multiColResults$letters[[1]])
-  singleColResult <- freqItems(df, "negDoubles", support=0.1)
+  singleColResult <- freqItems(df, "negDoubles", support = 0.1)
   expect_true(-1 %in% head(singleColResult$negDoubles)[[1]])
 
   l <- lapply(c(0:99), function(i) {
@@ -1860,9 +1860,9 @@ test_that("with() on a DataFrame", {
 test_that("Method coltypes() to get and set R's data types of a DataFrame", {
   expect_equal(coltypes(irisDF), c(rep("numeric", 4), "character"))
 
-  data <- data.frame(c1=c(1,2,3),
-                     c2=c(T,F,T),
-                     c3=c("2015/01/01 10:00:00", "2015/01/02 10:00:00", "2015/01/03 10:00:00"))
+  data <- data.frame(c1 = c(1, 2, 3),
+                     c2 = c(T, F, T),
+                     c3 = c("2015/01/01 10:00:00", "2015/01/02 10:00:00", "2015/01/03 10:00:00"))
 
   schema <- structType(structField("c1", "byte"),
                        structField("c3", "boolean"),
@@ -1874,7 +1874,7 @@ test_that("Method coltypes() to get and set R's data types of a DataFrame", {
 
   # Test complex types
   x <- createDataFrame(sqlContext, list(list(as.environment(
-    list("a"="b", "c"="d", "e"="f")))))
+    list("a" = "b", "c" = "d", "e" = "f")))))
   expect_equal(coltypes(x), "map<string,string>")
 
   df <- selectExpr(read.json(sqlContext, jsonPath), "name", "(age * 1.21) as age")
@@ -1918,7 +1918,7 @@ test_that("Method str()", {
   # the number of columns. Therefore, it will suffice to check for the
   # number of returned rows
   x <- runif(200, 1, 10)
-  df <- data.frame(t(as.matrix(data.frame(x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x,x))))
+  df <- data.frame(t(as.matrix(data.frame(x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x, x))))
   DF <- createDataFrame(sqlContext, df)
   out <- capture.output(str(DF))
   expect_equal(length(out), 103)
diff --git a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_textFile.R b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_textFile.R
index a9cf83dbdb..e64ef1bb31 100644
--- a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_textFile.R
+++ b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_textFile.R
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ sc <- sparkR.init()
 mockFile <- c("Spark is pretty.", "Spark is awesome.")
 
 test_that("textFile() on a local file returns an RDD", {
-  fileName <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName)
 
   rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName)
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ test_that("textFile() on a local file returns an RDD", {
 })
 
 test_that("textFile() followed by a collect() returns the same content", {
-  fileName <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName)
 
   rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName)
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ test_that("textFile() followed by a collect() returns the same content", {
 })
 
 test_that("textFile() word count works as expected", {
-  fileName <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName)
 
   rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName)
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ test_that("textFile() word count works as expected", {
 })
 
 test_that("several transformations on RDD created by textFile()", {
-  fileName <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName)
 
   rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName) # RDD
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ test_that("several transformations on RDD created by textFile()", {
 })
 
 test_that("textFile() followed by a saveAsTextFile() returns the same content", {
-  fileName1 <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
-  fileName2 <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName1 <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
+  fileName2 <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName1)
 
   rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName1, 1L)
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ test_that("textFile() followed by a saveAsTextFile() returns the same content",
 })
 
 test_that("saveAsTextFile() on a parallelized list works as expected", {
-  fileName <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   l <- list(1, 2, 3)
   rdd <- parallelize(sc, l, 1L)
   saveAsTextFile(rdd, fileName)
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ test_that("saveAsTextFile() on a parallelized list works as expected", {
 })
 
 test_that("textFile() and saveAsTextFile() word count works as expected", {
-  fileName1 <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
-  fileName2 <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName1 <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
+  fileName2 <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName1)
 
   rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName1)
@@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ test_that("textFile() and saveAsTextFile() word count works as expected", {
 })
 
 test_that("textFile() on multiple paths", {
-  fileName1 <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
-  fileName2 <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName1 <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
+  fileName2 <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines("Spark is pretty.", fileName1)
   writeLines("Spark is awesome.", fileName2)
 
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ test_that("textFile() on multiple paths", {
 })
 
 test_that("Pipelined operations on RDDs created using textFile", {
-  fileName <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName)
 
   rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName)
diff --git a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_utils.R b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_utils.R
index 56f14a3bce..4218138f64 100644
--- a/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_utils.R
+++ b/R/pkg/inst/tests/testthat/test_utils.R
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ test_that("convertJListToRList() gives back (deserializes) the original JLists
 test_that("serializeToBytes on RDD", {
   # File content
   mockFile <- c("Spark is pretty.", "Spark is awesome.")
-  fileName <- tempfile(pattern="spark-test", fileext=".tmp")
+  fileName <- tempfile(pattern = "spark-test", fileext = ".tmp")
   writeLines(mockFile, fileName)
 
   text.rdd <- textFile(sc, fileName)
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ test_that("cleanClosure on R functions", {
   f <- function(x) {
     defUse <- base::as.integer(x) + 1  # Test for access operators `::`.
     lapply(x, g) + 1  # Test for capturing function call "g"'s closure as a argument of lapply.
-    l$field[1,1] <- 3  # Test for access operators `$`.
-    res <- defUse + l$field[1,]  # Test for def-use chain of "defUse", and "" symbol.
+    l$field[1, 1] <- 3  # Test for access operators `$`.
+    res <- defUse + l$field[1, ]  # Test for def-use chain of "defUse", and "" symbol.
     f(res)  # Test for recursive calls.
   }
   newF <- cleanClosure(f)
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ test_that("cleanClosure on R functions", {
   expect_equal(actual, expected)
 
   # Test for broadcast variables.
-  a <- matrix(nrow=10, ncol=10, data=rnorm(100))
+  a <- matrix(nrow = 10, ncol = 10, data = rnorm(100))
   aBroadcast <- broadcast(sc, a)
   normMultiply <- function(x) { norm(aBroadcast$value) * x }
   newnormMultiply <- SparkR:::cleanClosure(normMultiply)
diff --git a/R/pkg/inst/worker/worker.R b/R/pkg/inst/worker/worker.R
index 3ae072beca..b6784dbae3 100644
--- a/R/pkg/inst/worker/worker.R
+++ b/R/pkg/inst/worker/worker.R
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ serializer <- SparkR:::readString(inputCon)
 # Include packages as required
 packageNames <- unserialize(SparkR:::readRaw(inputCon))
 for (pkg in packageNames) {
-  suppressPackageStartupMessages(library(as.character(pkg), character.only=TRUE))
+  suppressPackageStartupMessages(library(as.character(pkg), character.only = TRUE))
 }
 
 # read function dependencies