[SPARK-17910][SQL] Allow users to update the comment of a column

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?

Right now, once a user set the comment of a column with create table command, he/she cannot update the comment. It will be useful to provide a public interface (e.g. SQL) to do that.

This PR implements the following SQL statement:
```
ALTER TABLE table [PARTITION partition_spec]
CHANGE [COLUMN] column_old_name column_new_name column_dataType
[COMMENT column_comment]
[FIRST | AFTER column_name];
```

For further expansion, we could support alter `name`/`dataType`/`index` of a column too.

## How was this patch tested?

Add new test cases in `ExternalCatalogSuite` and `SessionCatalogSuite`.
Add sql file test for `ALTER TABLE CHANGE COLUMN` statement.

Author: jiangxingbo <jiangxb1987@gmail.com>

Closes #15717 from jiangxb1987/change-column.

1 files changed, 306 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/results/change-column.sql.out b/sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/results/change-column.sql.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..156ddb86ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/results/change-column.sql.out
@@ -0,0 +1,306 @@
+-- Automatically generated by SQLQueryTestSuite
+-- Number of queries: 32
+
+
+-- !query 0
+CREATE TABLE test_change(a INT, b STRING, c INT)
+-- !query 0 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 0 output
+
+
+
+-- !query 1
+DESC test_change
+-- !query 1 schema
+struct<col_name:string,data_type:string,comment:string>
+-- !query 1 output
+a                   	int                 	                    
+b                   	string              	                    
+c                   	int
+
+
+-- !query 2
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a a1 INT
+-- !query 2 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 2 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException
+ALTER TABLE CHANGE COLUMN is not supported for changing column 'a' with type 'IntegerType' to 'a1' with type 'IntegerType';
+
+
+-- !query 3
+DESC test_change
+-- !query 3 schema
+struct<col_name:string,data_type:string,comment:string>
+-- !query 3 output
+a                   	int                 	                    
+b                   	string              	                    
+c                   	int
+
+
+-- !query 4
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a a STRING
+-- !query 4 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 4 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException
+ALTER TABLE CHANGE COLUMN is not supported for changing column 'a' with type 'IntegerType' to 'a' with type 'StringType';
+
+
+-- !query 5
+DESC test_change
+-- !query 5 schema
+struct<col_name:string,data_type:string,comment:string>
+-- !query 5 output
+a                   	int                 	                    
+b                   	string              	                    
+c                   	int
+
+
+-- !query 6
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a a INT AFTER b
+-- !query 6 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 6 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.parser.ParseException
+
+Operation not allowed: ALTER TABLE table [PARTITION partition_spec] CHANGE COLUMN ... FIRST | AFTER otherCol(line 1, pos 0)
+
+== SQL ==
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a a INT AFTER b
+^^^
+
+
+-- !query 7
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE b b STRING FIRST
+-- !query 7 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 7 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.parser.ParseException
+
+Operation not allowed: ALTER TABLE table [PARTITION partition_spec] CHANGE COLUMN ... FIRST | AFTER otherCol(line 1, pos 0)
+
+== SQL ==
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE b b STRING FIRST
+^^^
+
+
+-- !query 8
+DESC test_change
+-- !query 8 schema
+struct<col_name:string,data_type:string,comment:string>
+-- !query 8 output
+a                   	int                 	                    
+b                   	string              	                    
+c                   	int
+
+
+-- !query 9
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a a INT COMMENT 'this is column a'
+-- !query 9 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 9 output
+
+
+
+-- !query 10
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE b b STRING COMMENT '#*02?`'
+-- !query 10 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 10 output
+
+
+
+-- !query 11
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE c c INT COMMENT ''
+-- !query 11 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 11 output
+
+
+
+-- !query 12
+DESC test_change
+-- !query 12 schema
+struct<col_name:string,data_type:string,comment:string>
+-- !query 12 output
+a                   	int                 	this is column a    
+b                   	string              	#*02?`              
+c                   	int
+
+
+-- !query 13
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a a INT COMMENT 'this is column a'
+-- !query 13 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 13 output
+
+
+
+-- !query 14
+DESC test_change
+-- !query 14 schema
+struct<col_name:string,data_type:string,comment:string>
+-- !query 14 output
+a                   	int                 	this is column a    
+b                   	string              	#*02?`              
+c                   	int
+
+
+-- !query 15
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE invalid_col invalid_col INT
+-- !query 15 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 15 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException
+Invalid column reference 'invalid_col', table schema is 'StructType(StructField(a,IntegerType,true), StructField(b,StringType,true), StructField(c,IntegerType,true))';
+
+
+-- !query 16
+DESC test_change
+-- !query 16 schema
+struct<col_name:string,data_type:string,comment:string>
+-- !query 16 output
+a                   	int                 	this is column a    
+b                   	string              	#*02?`              
+c                   	int
+
+
+-- !query 17
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a a1 STRING COMMENT 'this is column a1' AFTER b
+-- !query 17 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 17 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.parser.ParseException
+
+Operation not allowed: ALTER TABLE table [PARTITION partition_spec] CHANGE COLUMN ... FIRST | AFTER otherCol(line 1, pos 0)
+
+== SQL ==
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a a1 STRING COMMENT 'this is column a1' AFTER b
+^^^
+
+
+-- !query 18
+DESC test_change
+-- !query 18 schema
+struct<col_name:string,data_type:string,comment:string>
+-- !query 18 output
+a                   	int                 	this is column a    
+b                   	string              	#*02?`              
+c                   	int
+
+
+-- !query 19
+SET spark.sql.caseSensitive=false
+-- !query 19 schema
+struct<key:string,value:string>
+-- !query 19 output
+spark.sql.caseSensitive
+
+
+-- !query 20
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a A INT COMMENT 'this is column A'
+-- !query 20 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 20 output
+
+
+
+-- !query 21
+SET spark.sql.caseSensitive=true
+-- !query 21 schema
+struct<key:string,value:string>
+-- !query 21 output
+spark.sql.caseSensitive
+
+
+-- !query 22
+ALTER TABLE test_change CHANGE a A INT COMMENT 'this is column A1'
+-- !query 22 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 22 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException
+ALTER TABLE CHANGE COLUMN is not supported for changing column 'a' with type 'IntegerType' to 'A' with type 'IntegerType';
+
+
+-- !query 23
+DESC test_change
+-- !query 23 schema
+struct<col_name:string,data_type:string,comment:string>
+-- !query 23 output
+a                   	int                 	this is column A    
+b                   	string              	#*02?`              
+c                   	int
+
+
+-- !query 24
+CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW temp_view(a, b) AS SELECT 1, "one"
+-- !query 24 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 24 output
+
+
+
+-- !query 25
+ALTER TABLE temp_view CHANGE a a INT COMMENT 'this is column a'
+-- !query 25 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 25 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.analysis.NoSuchTableException
+Table or view 'temp_view' not found in database 'default';
+
+
+-- !query 26
+CREATE GLOBAL TEMPORARY VIEW global_temp_view(a, b) AS SELECT 1, "one"
+-- !query 26 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 26 output
+
+
+
+-- !query 27
+ALTER TABLE global_temp.global_temp_view CHANGE a a INT COMMENT 'this is column a'
+-- !query 27 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 27 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.analysis.NoSuchDatabaseException
+Database 'global_temp' not found;
+
+
+-- !query 28
+CREATE TABLE partition_table(a INT, b STRING) PARTITIONED BY (c INT, d STRING)
+-- !query 28 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 28 output
+
+
+
+-- !query 29
+ALTER TABLE partition_table PARTITION (c = 1) CHANGE COLUMN a new_a INT
+-- !query 29 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 29 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.parser.ParseException
+
+Operation not allowed: ALTER TABLE table PARTITION partition_spec CHANGE COLUMN(line 1, pos 0)
+
+== SQL ==
+ALTER TABLE partition_table PARTITION (c = 1) CHANGE COLUMN a new_a INT
+^^^
+
+
+-- !query 30
+DROP TABLE test_change
+-- !query 30 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 30 output
+
+
+
+-- !query 31
+DROP TABLE partition_table
+-- !query 31 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 31 output
+