[SPARK-16947][SQL] Support type coercion and foldable expression for inline tables

## What changes were proposed in this pull request?
This patch improves inline table support with the following:

1. Support type coercion.
2. Support using foldable expressions. Previously only literals were supported.
3. Improve error message handling.
4. Improve test coverage.

## How was this patch tested?
Added a new unit test suite ResolveInlineTablesSuite and a new file-based end-to-end test inline-table.sql.

Author: petermaxlee <petermaxlee@gmail.com>

Closes #14676 from petermaxlee/SPARK-16947.

2 files changed, 193 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/inputs/inline-table.sql b/sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/inputs/inline-table.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5107fa4d55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/inputs/inline-table.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+
+-- single row, without table and column alias
+select * from values ("one", 1);
+
+-- single row, without column alias
+select * from values ("one", 1) as data;
+
+-- single row
+select * from values ("one", 1) as data(a, b);
+
+-- single column multiple rows
+select * from values 1, 2, 3 as data(a);
+
+-- three rows
+select * from values ("one", 1), ("two", 2), ("three", null) as data(a, b);
+
+-- null type
+select * from values ("one", null), ("two", null) as data(a, b);
+
+-- int and long coercion
+select * from values ("one", 1), ("two", 2L) as data(a, b);
+
+-- foldable expressions
+select * from values ("one", 1 + 0), ("two", 1 + 3L) as data(a, b);
+
+-- complex types
+select * from values ("one", array(0, 1)), ("two", array(2, 3)) as data(a, b);
+
+-- decimal and double coercion
+select * from values ("one", 2.0), ("two", 3.0D) as data(a, b);
+
+-- error reporting: nondeterministic function rand
+select * from values ("one", rand(5)), ("two", 3.0D) as data(a, b);
+
+-- error reporting: different number of columns
+select * from values ("one", 2.0), ("two") as data(a, b);
+
+-- error reporting: types that are incompatible
+select * from values ("one", array(0, 1)), ("two", struct(1, 2)) as data(a, b);
+
+-- error reporting: number aliases different from number data values
+select * from values ("one"), ("two") as data(a, b);
+
+-- error reporting: unresolved expression
+select * from values ("one", random_not_exist_func(1)), ("two", 2) as data(a, b);
+
+-- error reporting: aggregate expression
+select * from values ("one", count(1)), ("two", 2) as data(a, b);
diff --git a/sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/results/inline-table.sql.out b/sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/results/inline-table.sql.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de6f01b8de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sql/core/src/test/resources/sql-tests/results/inline-table.sql.out
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+-- Automatically generated by SQLQueryTestSuite
+-- Number of queries: 16
+
+
+-- !query 0
+select * from values ("one", 1)
+-- !query 0 schema
+struct<col1:string,col2:int>
+-- !query 0 output
+one	1
+
+
+-- !query 1
+select * from values ("one", 1) as data
+-- !query 1 schema
+struct<col1:string,col2:int>
+-- !query 1 output
+one	1
+
+
+-- !query 2
+select * from values ("one", 1) as data(a, b)
+-- !query 2 schema
+struct<a:string,b:int>
+-- !query 2 output
+one	1
+
+
+-- !query 3
+select * from values 1, 2, 3 as data(a)
+-- !query 3 schema
+struct<a:int>
+-- !query 3 output
+1
+2
+3
+
+
+-- !query 4
+select * from values ("one", 1), ("two", 2), ("three", null) as data(a, b)
+-- !query 4 schema
+struct<a:string,b:int>
+-- !query 4 output
+one	1
+three	NULL
+two	2
+
+
+-- !query 5
+select * from values ("one", null), ("two", null) as data(a, b)
+-- !query 5 schema
+struct<a:string,b:null>
+-- !query 5 output
+one	NULL
+two	NULL
+
+
+-- !query 6
+select * from values ("one", 1), ("two", 2L) as data(a, b)
+-- !query 6 schema
+struct<a:string,b:bigint>
+-- !query 6 output
+one	1
+two	2
+
+
+-- !query 7
+select * from values ("one", 1 + 0), ("two", 1 + 3L) as data(a, b)
+-- !query 7 schema
+struct<a:string,b:bigint>
+-- !query 7 output
+one	1
+two	4
+
+
+-- !query 8
+select * from values ("one", array(0, 1)), ("two", array(2, 3)) as data(a, b)
+-- !query 8 schema
+struct<a:string,b:array<int>>
+-- !query 8 output
+one	[0,1]
+two	[2,3]
+
+
+-- !query 9
+select * from values ("one", 2.0), ("two", 3.0D) as data(a, b)
+-- !query 9 schema
+struct<a:string,b:double>
+-- !query 9 output
+one	2.0
+two	3.0
+
+
+-- !query 10
+select * from values ("one", rand(5)), ("two", 3.0D) as data(a, b)
+-- !query 10 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 10 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException
+cannot evaluate expression rand(5) in inline table definition; line 1 pos 29
+
+
+-- !query 11
+select * from values ("one", 2.0), ("two") as data(a, b)
+-- !query 11 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 11 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException
+expected 2 columns but found 1 columns in row 1; line 1 pos 14
+
+
+-- !query 12
+select * from values ("one", array(0, 1)), ("two", struct(1, 2)) as data(a, b)
+-- !query 12 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 12 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException
+incompatible types found in column b for inline table; line 1 pos 14
+
+
+-- !query 13
+select * from values ("one"), ("two") as data(a, b)
+-- !query 13 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 13 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException
+expected 2 columns but found 1 columns in row 0; line 1 pos 14
+
+
+-- !query 14
+select * from values ("one", random_not_exist_func(1)), ("two", 2) as data(a, b)
+-- !query 14 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 14 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException
+Undefined function: 'random_not_exist_func'. This function is neither a registered temporary function nor a permanent function registered in the database 'default'.; line 1 pos 29
+
+
+-- !query 15
+select * from values ("one", count(1)), ("two", 2) as data(a, b)
+-- !query 15 schema
+struct<>
+-- !query 15 output
+org.apache.spark.sql.AnalysisException
+cannot evaluate expression count(1) in inline table definition; line 1 pos 29