diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'src/modules/fw_att_control/fw_att_control_main.cpp')
-rw-r--r-- | src/modules/fw_att_control/fw_att_control_main.cpp | 267 |
1 files changed, 192 insertions, 75 deletions
diff --git a/src/modules/fw_att_control/fw_att_control_main.cpp b/src/modules/fw_att_control/fw_att_control_main.cpp index 60c902ce5..17b1028f9 100644 --- a/src/modules/fw_att_control/fw_att_control_main.cpp +++ b/src/modules/fw_att_control/fw_att_control_main.cpp @@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ * Implementation of a generic attitude controller based on classic orthogonal PIDs. * * @author Lorenz Meier <lm@inf.ethz.ch> + * @author Thomas Gubler <thomasgubler@gmail.com> * */ @@ -62,6 +63,7 @@ #include <uORB/topics/vehicle_attitude.h> #include <uORB/topics/vehicle_control_mode.h> #include <uORB/topics/parameter_update.h> +#include <uORB/topics/vehicle_global_position.h> #include <systemlib/param/param.h> #include <systemlib/err.h> #include <systemlib/pid/pid.h> @@ -106,26 +108,30 @@ private: bool _task_should_exit; /**< if true, sensor task should exit */ int _control_task; /**< task handle for sensor task */ - int _att_sub; /**< vehicle attitude subscription */ - int _accel_sub; /**< accelerometer subscription */ + int _att_sub; /**< vehicle attitude subscription */ + int _accel_sub; /**< accelerometer subscription */ int _att_sp_sub; /**< vehicle attitude setpoint */ int _attitude_sub; /**< raw rc channels data subscription */ int _airspeed_sub; /**< airspeed subscription */ - int _vcontrol_mode_sub; /**< vehicle status subscription */ - int _params_sub; /**< notification of parameter updates */ - int _manual_sub; /**< notification of manual control updates */ + int _vcontrol_mode_sub; /**< vehicle status subscription */ + int _params_sub; /**< notification of parameter updates */ + int _manual_sub; /**< notification of manual control updates */ + int _global_pos_sub; /**< global position subscription */ orb_advert_t _rate_sp_pub; /**< rate setpoint publication */ orb_advert_t _attitude_sp_pub; /**< attitude setpoint point */ orb_advert_t _actuators_0_pub; /**< actuator control group 0 setpoint */ + orb_advert_t _actuators_1_pub; /**< actuator control group 1 setpoint (Airframe) */ - struct vehicle_attitude_s _att; /**< vehicle attitude */ - struct accel_report _accel; /**< body frame accelerations */ + struct vehicle_attitude_s _att; /**< vehicle attitude */ + struct accel_report _accel; /**< body frame accelerations */ struct vehicle_attitude_setpoint_s _att_sp; /**< vehicle attitude setpoint */ struct manual_control_setpoint_s _manual; /**< r/c channel data */ - struct airspeed_s _airspeed; /**< airspeed */ - struct vehicle_control_mode_s _vcontrol_mode; /**< vehicle control mode */ + struct airspeed_s _airspeed; /**< airspeed */ + struct vehicle_control_mode_s _vcontrol_mode; /**< vehicle control mode */ struct actuator_controls_s _actuators; /**< actuator control inputs */ + struct actuator_controls_s _actuators_airframe; /**< actuator control inputs */ + struct vehicle_global_position_s _global_pos; /**< global position */ perf_counter_t _loop_perf; /**< loop performance counter */ @@ -137,6 +143,7 @@ private: float p_p; float p_d; float p_i; + float p_ff; float p_rmax_pos; float p_rmax_neg; float p_integrator_max; @@ -144,13 +151,17 @@ private: float r_p; float r_d; float r_i; + float r_ff; float r_integrator_max; float r_rmax; float y_p; float y_i; float y_d; + float y_ff; float y_roll_feedforward; float y_integrator_max; + float y_coordinated_min_speed; + float y_rmax; float airspeed_min; float airspeed_trim; @@ -163,6 +174,7 @@ private: param_t p_p; param_t p_d; param_t p_i; + param_t p_ff; param_t p_rmax_pos; param_t p_rmax_neg; param_t p_integrator_max; @@ -170,13 +182,17 @@ private: param_t r_p; param_t r_d; param_t r_i; + param_t r_ff; param_t r_integrator_max; param_t r_rmax; param_t y_p; param_t y_i; param_t y_d; + param_t y_ff; param_t y_roll_feedforward; param_t y_integrator_max; + param_t y_coordinated_min_speed; + param_t y_rmax; param_t airspeed_min; param_t airspeed_trim; @@ -227,6 +243,11 @@ private: void vehicle_setpoint_poll(); /** + * Check for global position updates. + */ + void global_pos_poll(); + + /** * Shim for calling task_main from task_create. */ static void task_main_trampoline(int argc, char *argv[]); @@ -261,11 +282,13 @@ FixedwingAttitudeControl::FixedwingAttitudeControl() : _vcontrol_mode_sub(-1), _params_sub(-1), _manual_sub(-1), + _global_pos_sub(-1), /* publications */ _rate_sp_pub(-1), _actuators_0_pub(-1), _attitude_sp_pub(-1), + _actuators_1_pub(-1), /* performance counters */ _loop_perf(perf_alloc(PC_ELAPSED, "fw att control")), @@ -273,31 +296,45 @@ FixedwingAttitudeControl::FixedwingAttitudeControl() : _setpoint_valid(false), _airspeed_valid(false) { + /* safely initialize structs */ + _att = {0}; + _accel = {0}; + _att_sp = {0}; + _manual = {0}; + _airspeed = {0}; + _vcontrol_mode = {0}; + _actuators = {0}; + _actuators_airframe = {0}; + _global_pos = {0}; + + _parameter_handles.tconst = param_find("FW_ATT_TC"); - _parameter_handles.p_p = param_find("FW_P_P"); - _parameter_handles.p_d = param_find("FW_P_D"); - _parameter_handles.p_i = param_find("FW_P_I"); + _parameter_handles.p_p = param_find("FW_PR_P"); + _parameter_handles.p_i = param_find("FW_PR_I"); + _parameter_handles.p_ff = param_find("FW_PR_FF"); _parameter_handles.p_rmax_pos = param_find("FW_P_RMAX_POS"); _parameter_handles.p_rmax_neg = param_find("FW_P_RMAX_NEG"); - _parameter_handles.p_integrator_max = param_find("FW_P_IMAX"); + _parameter_handles.p_integrator_max = param_find("FW_PR_IMAX"); _parameter_handles.p_roll_feedforward = param_find("FW_P_ROLLFF"); - _parameter_handles.r_p = param_find("FW_R_P"); - _parameter_handles.r_d = param_find("FW_R_D"); - _parameter_handles.r_i = param_find("FW_R_I"); - _parameter_handles.r_integrator_max = param_find("FW_R_IMAX"); + _parameter_handles.r_p = param_find("FW_RR_P"); + _parameter_handles.r_i = param_find("FW_RR_I"); + _parameter_handles.r_ff = param_find("FW_RR_FF"); + _parameter_handles.r_integrator_max = param_find("FW_RR_IMAX"); _parameter_handles.r_rmax = param_find("FW_R_RMAX"); - _parameter_handles.y_p = param_find("FW_Y_P"); - _parameter_handles.y_i = param_find("FW_Y_I"); - _parameter_handles.y_d = param_find("FW_Y_D"); - _parameter_handles.y_roll_feedforward = param_find("FW_Y_ROLLFF"); - _parameter_handles.y_integrator_max = param_find("FW_Y_IMAX"); + _parameter_handles.y_p = param_find("FW_YR_P"); + _parameter_handles.y_i = param_find("FW_YR_I"); + _parameter_handles.y_ff = param_find("FW_YR_FF"); + _parameter_handles.y_integrator_max = param_find("FW_YR_IMAX"); + _parameter_handles.y_rmax = param_find("FW_Y_RMAX"); _parameter_handles.airspeed_min = param_find("FW_AIRSPD_MIN"); _parameter_handles.airspeed_trim = param_find("FW_AIRSPD_TRIM"); _parameter_handles.airspeed_max = param_find("FW_AIRSPD_MAX"); + _parameter_handles.y_coordinated_min_speed = param_find("FW_YCO_VMIN"); + /* fetch initial parameter values */ parameters_update(); } @@ -333,24 +370,26 @@ FixedwingAttitudeControl::parameters_update() param_get(_parameter_handles.tconst, &(_parameters.tconst)); param_get(_parameter_handles.p_p, &(_parameters.p_p)); - param_get(_parameter_handles.p_d, &(_parameters.p_d)); param_get(_parameter_handles.p_i, &(_parameters.p_i)); + param_get(_parameter_handles.p_ff, &(_parameters.p_ff)); param_get(_parameter_handles.p_rmax_pos, &(_parameters.p_rmax_pos)); param_get(_parameter_handles.p_rmax_neg, &(_parameters.p_rmax_neg)); param_get(_parameter_handles.p_integrator_max, &(_parameters.p_integrator_max)); param_get(_parameter_handles.p_roll_feedforward, &(_parameters.p_roll_feedforward)); param_get(_parameter_handles.r_p, &(_parameters.r_p)); - param_get(_parameter_handles.r_d, &(_parameters.r_d)); param_get(_parameter_handles.r_i, &(_parameters.r_i)); + param_get(_parameter_handles.r_ff, &(_parameters.r_ff)); + param_get(_parameter_handles.r_integrator_max, &(_parameters.r_integrator_max)); param_get(_parameter_handles.r_rmax, &(_parameters.r_rmax)); param_get(_parameter_handles.y_p, &(_parameters.y_p)); param_get(_parameter_handles.y_i, &(_parameters.y_i)); - param_get(_parameter_handles.y_d, &(_parameters.y_d)); - param_get(_parameter_handles.y_roll_feedforward, &(_parameters.y_roll_feedforward)); + param_get(_parameter_handles.y_ff, &(_parameters.y_ff)); param_get(_parameter_handles.y_integrator_max, &(_parameters.y_integrator_max)); + param_get(_parameter_handles.y_coordinated_min_speed, &(_parameters.y_coordinated_min_speed)); + param_get(_parameter_handles.y_rmax, &(_parameters.y_rmax)); param_get(_parameter_handles.airspeed_min, &(_parameters.airspeed_min)); param_get(_parameter_handles.airspeed_trim, &(_parameters.airspeed_trim)); @@ -358,28 +397,29 @@ FixedwingAttitudeControl::parameters_update() /* pitch control parameters */ _pitch_ctrl.set_time_constant(_parameters.tconst); - _pitch_ctrl.set_k_p(math::radians(_parameters.p_p)); - _pitch_ctrl.set_k_i(math::radians(_parameters.p_i)); - _pitch_ctrl.set_k_d(math::radians(_parameters.p_d)); - _pitch_ctrl.set_integrator_max(math::radians(_parameters.p_integrator_max)); + _pitch_ctrl.set_k_p(_parameters.p_p); + _pitch_ctrl.set_k_i(_parameters.p_i); + _pitch_ctrl.set_k_ff(_parameters.p_ff); + _pitch_ctrl.set_integrator_max(_parameters.p_integrator_max); _pitch_ctrl.set_max_rate_pos(math::radians(_parameters.p_rmax_pos)); _pitch_ctrl.set_max_rate_neg(math::radians(_parameters.p_rmax_neg)); - _pitch_ctrl.set_roll_ff(math::radians(_parameters.p_roll_feedforward)); + _pitch_ctrl.set_roll_ff(_parameters.p_roll_feedforward); /* roll control parameters */ _roll_ctrl.set_time_constant(_parameters.tconst); - _roll_ctrl.set_k_p(math::radians(_parameters.r_p)); - _roll_ctrl.set_k_i(math::radians(_parameters.r_i)); - _roll_ctrl.set_k_d(math::radians(_parameters.r_d)); - _roll_ctrl.set_integrator_max(math::radians(_parameters.r_integrator_max)); + _roll_ctrl.set_k_p(_parameters.r_p); + _roll_ctrl.set_k_i(_parameters.r_i); + _roll_ctrl.set_k_ff(_parameters.r_ff); + _roll_ctrl.set_integrator_max(_parameters.r_integrator_max); _roll_ctrl.set_max_rate(math::radians(_parameters.r_rmax)); /* yaw control parameters */ - _yaw_ctrl.set_k_side(math::radians(_parameters.y_p)); - _yaw_ctrl.set_k_i(math::radians(_parameters.y_i)); - _yaw_ctrl.set_k_d(math::radians(_parameters.y_d)); - _yaw_ctrl.set_k_roll_ff(math::radians(_parameters.y_roll_feedforward)); - _yaw_ctrl.set_integrator_max(math::radians(_parameters.y_integrator_max)); + _yaw_ctrl.set_k_p(_parameters.y_p); + _yaw_ctrl.set_k_i(_parameters.y_i); + _yaw_ctrl.set_k_ff(_parameters.y_ff); + _yaw_ctrl.set_integrator_max(_parameters.y_integrator_max); + _yaw_ctrl.set_coordinated_min_speed(_parameters.y_coordinated_min_speed); + _yaw_ctrl.set_max_rate(math::radians(_parameters.y_rmax)); return OK; } @@ -421,6 +461,7 @@ FixedwingAttitudeControl::vehicle_airspeed_poll() if (airspeed_updated) { orb_copy(ORB_ID(airspeed), _airspeed_sub, &_airspeed); +// warnx("airspeed poll: ind: %.4f, true: %.4f", _airspeed.indicated_airspeed_m_s, _airspeed.true_airspeed_m_s); return true; } @@ -453,6 +494,18 @@ FixedwingAttitudeControl::vehicle_setpoint_poll() } void +FixedwingAttitudeControl::global_pos_poll() +{ + /* check if there is a new global position */ + bool global_pos_updated; + orb_check(_global_pos_sub, &global_pos_updated); + + if (global_pos_updated) { + orb_copy(ORB_ID(vehicle_global_position), _global_pos_sub, &_global_pos); + } +} + +void FixedwingAttitudeControl::task_main_trampoline(int argc, char *argv[]) { att_control::g_control->task_main(); @@ -476,6 +529,7 @@ FixedwingAttitudeControl::task_main() _vcontrol_mode_sub = orb_subscribe(ORB_ID(vehicle_control_mode)); _params_sub = orb_subscribe(ORB_ID(parameter_update)); _manual_sub = orb_subscribe(ORB_ID(manual_control_setpoint)); + _global_pos_sub = orb_subscribe(ORB_ID(vehicle_global_position)); /* rate limit vehicle status updates to 5Hz */ orb_set_interval(_vcontrol_mode_sub, 200); @@ -552,6 +606,8 @@ FixedwingAttitudeControl::task_main() vehicle_manual_poll(); + global_pos_poll(); + /* lock integrator until control is started */ bool lock_integrator; @@ -562,22 +618,28 @@ FixedwingAttitudeControl::task_main() lock_integrator = true; } + /* Simple handling of failsafe: deploy parachute if failsafe is on */ + if (_vcontrol_mode.flag_control_termination_enabled) { + _actuators_airframe.control[1] = 1.0f; +// warnx("_actuators_airframe.control[1] = 1.0f;"); + } else { + _actuators_airframe.control[1] = 0.0f; +// warnx("_actuators_airframe.control[1] = -1.0f;"); + } + /* decide if in stabilized or full manual control */ if (_vcontrol_mode.flag_control_attitude_enabled) { - /* scale from radians to normalized -1 .. 1 range */ - const float actuator_scaling = 1.0f / (M_PI_F / 4.0f); - /* scale around tuning airspeed */ float airspeed; /* if airspeed is smaller than min, the sensor is not giving good readings */ if (!_airspeed_valid || - (_airspeed.indicated_airspeed_m_s < _parameters.airspeed_min) || + (_airspeed.indicated_airspeed_m_s < 0.5f * _parameters.airspeed_min) || !isfinite(_airspeed.indicated_airspeed_m_s)) { - airspeed = _parameters.airspeed_min + (_parameters.airspeed_max - _parameters.airspeed_min) / 2.0f; + airspeed = _parameters.airspeed_trim; } else { airspeed = _airspeed.indicated_airspeed_m_s; @@ -586,7 +648,8 @@ FixedwingAttitudeControl::task_main() float airspeed_scaling = _parameters.airspeed_trim / airspeed; //warnx("aspd scale: %6.2f act scale: %6.2f", airspeed_scaling, actuator_scaling); - float roll_sp, pitch_sp; + float roll_sp = 0.0f; + float pitch_sp = 0.0f; float throttle_sp = 0.0f; if (_vcontrol_mode.flag_control_velocity_enabled || _vcontrol_mode.flag_control_position_enabled) { @@ -636,46 +699,86 @@ FixedwingAttitudeControl::task_main() } } - if (isfinite(roll_sp) && isfinite(pitch_sp)) { + /* Prepare speed_body_u and speed_body_w */ + float speed_body_u = 0.0f; + float speed_body_v = 0.0f; + float speed_body_w = 0.0f; + if(_att.R_valid) { + speed_body_u = _att.R[0][0] * _global_pos.vel_n + _att.R[1][0] * _global_pos.vel_e + _att.R[2][0] * _global_pos.vel_d; + speed_body_v = _att.R[0][1] * _global_pos.vel_n + _att.R[1][1] * _global_pos.vel_e + _att.R[2][1] * _global_pos.vel_d; + speed_body_w = _att.R[0][2] * _global_pos.vel_n + _att.R[1][2] * _global_pos.vel_e + _att.R[2][2] * _global_pos.vel_d; + } else { + warnx("Did not get a valid R\n"); + } - float roll_rad = _roll_ctrl.control(roll_sp, _att.roll, _att.rollspeed, - airspeed_scaling, lock_integrator, _parameters.airspeed_min, _parameters.airspeed_max, airspeed); - _actuators.control[0] = (isfinite(roll_rad)) ? roll_rad * actuator_scaling : 0.0f; + /* Run attitude controllers */ + if (isfinite(roll_sp) && isfinite(pitch_sp)) { + _roll_ctrl.control_attitude(roll_sp, _att.roll); + _pitch_ctrl.control_attitude(pitch_sp, _att.roll, _att.pitch, airspeed); + _yaw_ctrl.control_attitude(_att.roll, _att.pitch, + speed_body_u, speed_body_v, speed_body_w, + _roll_ctrl.get_desired_rate(), _pitch_ctrl.get_desired_rate()); //runs last, because is depending on output of roll and pitch attitude + + /* Run attitude RATE controllers which need the desired attitudes from above */ + float roll_u = _roll_ctrl.control_bodyrate(_att.pitch, + _att.rollspeed, _att.yawspeed, + _yaw_ctrl.get_desired_rate(), + _parameters.airspeed_min, _parameters.airspeed_max, airspeed, airspeed_scaling, lock_integrator); + _actuators.control[0] = (isfinite(roll_u)) ? roll_u : 0.0f; + if (!isfinite(roll_u)) { + warnx("roll_u %.4f", roll_u); + } - float pitch_rad = _pitch_ctrl.control(pitch_sp, _att.pitch, _att.pitchspeed, _att.roll, airspeed_scaling, - lock_integrator, _parameters.airspeed_min, _parameters.airspeed_max, airspeed); - _actuators.control[1] = (isfinite(pitch_rad)) ? pitch_rad * actuator_scaling : 0.0f; + float pitch_u = _pitch_ctrl.control_bodyrate(_att.roll, _att.pitch, + _att.pitchspeed, _att.yawspeed, + _yaw_ctrl.get_desired_rate(), + _parameters.airspeed_min, _parameters.airspeed_max, airspeed, airspeed_scaling, lock_integrator); + _actuators.control[1] = (isfinite(pitch_u)) ? pitch_u : 0.0f; + if (!isfinite(pitch_u)) { + warnx("pitch_u %.4f, _yaw_ctrl.get_desired_rate() %.4f, airspeed %.4f, airspeed_scaling %.4f, roll_sp %.4f, pitch_sp %.4f, _roll_ctrl.get_desired_rate() %.4f, _pitch_ctrl.get_desired_rate() %.4f att_sp.roll_body %.4f", + pitch_u, _yaw_ctrl.get_desired_rate(), airspeed, airspeed_scaling, roll_sp, pitch_sp, _roll_ctrl.get_desired_rate(), _pitch_ctrl.get_desired_rate(), _att_sp.roll_body); + } - float yaw_rad = _yaw_ctrl.control(_att.roll, _att.yawspeed, _accel.y, airspeed_scaling, lock_integrator, - _parameters.airspeed_min, _parameters.airspeed_max, airspeed); - _actuators.control[2] = (isfinite(yaw_rad)) ? yaw_rad * actuator_scaling : 0.0f; + float yaw_u = _yaw_ctrl.control_bodyrate(_att.roll, _att.pitch, + _att.pitchspeed, _att.yawspeed, + _pitch_ctrl.get_desired_rate(), + _parameters.airspeed_min, _parameters.airspeed_max, airspeed, airspeed_scaling, lock_integrator); + _actuators.control[2] = (isfinite(yaw_u)) ? yaw_u : 0.0f; + if (!isfinite(yaw_u)) { + warnx("yaw_u %.4f", yaw_u); + } /* throttle passed through */ _actuators.control[3] = (isfinite(throttle_sp)) ? throttle_sp : 0.0f; + if (!isfinite(throttle_sp)) { + warnx("throttle_sp %.4f", throttle_sp); + } + } else { + warnx("Non-finite setpoint roll_sp: %.4f, pitch_sp %.4f", roll_sp, pitch_sp); + } - // warnx("aspd: %s: %6.2f, aspd scaling: %6.2f, controls: %5.2f %5.2f %5.2f %5.2f", (_airspeed_valid) ? "valid" : "unknown", - // airspeed, airspeed_scaling, _actuators.control[0], _actuators.control[1], - // _actuators.control[2], _actuators.control[3]); + // warnx("aspd: %s: %6.2f, aspd scaling: %6.2f, controls: %5.2f %5.2f %5.2f %5.2f", (_airspeed_valid) ? "valid" : "unknown", + // airspeed, airspeed_scaling, _actuators.control[0], _actuators.control[1], + // _actuators.control[2], _actuators.control[3]); - /* - * Lazily publish the rate setpoint (for analysis, the actuators are published below) - * only once available - */ - vehicle_rates_setpoint_s rates_sp; - rates_sp.roll = _roll_ctrl.get_desired_rate(); - rates_sp.pitch = _pitch_ctrl.get_desired_rate(); - rates_sp.yaw = 0.0f; // XXX not yet implemented + /* + * Lazily publish the rate setpoint (for analysis, the actuators are published below) + * only once available + */ + vehicle_rates_setpoint_s rates_sp; + rates_sp.roll = _roll_ctrl.get_desired_rate(); + rates_sp.pitch = _pitch_ctrl.get_desired_rate(); + rates_sp.yaw = _yaw_ctrl.get_desired_rate(); - rates_sp.timestamp = hrt_absolute_time(); + rates_sp.timestamp = hrt_absolute_time(); - if (_rate_sp_pub > 0) { - /* publish the attitude setpoint */ - orb_publish(ORB_ID(vehicle_rates_setpoint), _rate_sp_pub, &rates_sp); + if (_rate_sp_pub > 0) { + /* publish the attitude setpoint */ + orb_publish(ORB_ID(vehicle_rates_setpoint), _rate_sp_pub, &rates_sp); - } else { - /* advertise and publish */ - _rate_sp_pub = orb_advertise(ORB_ID(vehicle_rates_setpoint), &rates_sp); - } + } else { + /* advertise and publish */ + _rate_sp_pub = orb_advertise(ORB_ID(vehicle_rates_setpoint), &rates_sp); } } else { @@ -693,6 +796,7 @@ FixedwingAttitudeControl::task_main() /* lazily publish the setpoint only once available */ _actuators.timestamp = hrt_absolute_time(); + _actuators_airframe.timestamp = hrt_absolute_time(); if (_actuators_0_pub > 0) { /* publish the attitude setpoint */ @@ -703,6 +807,19 @@ FixedwingAttitudeControl::task_main() _actuators_0_pub = orb_advertise(ORB_ID(actuator_controls_0), &_actuators); } + if (_actuators_1_pub > 0) { + /* publish the attitude setpoint */ + orb_publish(ORB_ID(actuator_controls_1), _actuators_1_pub, &_actuators_airframe); +// warnx("%.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f %.2f", +// (double)_actuators_airframe.control[0], (double)_actuators_airframe.control[1], (double)_actuators_airframe.control[2], +// (double)_actuators_airframe.control[3], (double)_actuators_airframe.control[4], (double)_actuators_airframe.control[5], +// (double)_actuators_airframe.control[6], (double)_actuators_airframe.control[7]); + + } else { + /* advertise and publish */ + _actuators_1_pub = orb_advertise(ORB_ID(actuator_controls_1), &_actuators_airframe); + } + } perf_end(_loop_perf); |