1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
|
README
======
This README file describes the port of NuttX to the SAMA4D4-EK
development board. This board features the Atmel SAMA5D44 microprocessor.
See http://www.atmel.com for further information.
This port was actually performed on a board designated SAMA5D4-MB. This
board should be equivalent to the SAMA5D4-EK. However, care should be
taken when I refer to PIO, Connector, or Jumper Usage in this document.
Please consult the schematic for your actual board-in-hand to verify that
information.
SAMA5D44
--------
---------------------------- -------------
PARAMETER SAMA5D44
---------------------------- -------------
CPU Cortex-A5
ARM TrustZone Yes
NEON Multimedia Architecture Yes
Pin Count 361
Data Cache 32KiB
Instruction Cache 32KiB
L2 Cache 128KiB
Max. Operating Frequency 533MHz
SRAM 128KiB
Max I/O Pins 138
USB Transceiver 3
USB Speed Hi-Speed
USB Interface Host, Device
SPI 3
TWI (I2C) 4
UART 7
LIN 4
SSC 2
Ethernet 2 10/100Mbps
SD / eMMC 2
Graphic LCD Yes
Camera Interface Yes
Video Decoder Yes
Soft Modem Yes
ADC channels 5
Resistive Touch Screen Yes
Capacitive Touch Module Yes
Crypto Engine SHA/AES/TDES
TRNG Yes
External Bus Interface 1
DRAM Memory DDR2/LPDDR,
SDRAM/LPSDR,
32-bit
NAND Interface Yes
FPU Yes
MPU / MMU No/Yes
Timers 9
Output Compare channels 9
Input Capture Channels 9
PWM Channels 4
32kHz RTC Yes
Package BGA361
---------------------------- -------------
Contents
========
- Development Environment
- GNU Toolchain Options
- IDEs
- NuttX EABI "buildroot" Toolchain
- NXFLAT Toolchain
- Loading Code into SRAM with J-Link
- Writing to FLASH using SAM-BA
- Creating and Using DRAMBOOT
- Creating and Using AT25BOOT
- Running NuttX from SDRAM
- SAMA4D44-MB RevC PIO Usage
- Board Revisions
- Buttons and LEDs
- Serial Console
- Networking
- AT25 Serial FLASH
- HSMCI Card Slots
- Auto-Mounter
- USB Ports
- USB High-Speed Device
- USB High-Speed Host
- SDRAM Support
- NAND Support
- I2C Tool
- SAMA5 ADC Support
- SAMA5 PWM Support
- RTC
- Watchdog Timer
- TRNG and /dev/random
- Audio Support
- TM7000 LCD/Touchscreen
- Tickless OS
- SAMA4D4-EK Configuration Options
- Configurations
- To-Do List
Development Environment
=======================
Several possible development environments may be used:
- Linux or OSX native
- Cygwin unders Windows
- MinGW + MSYS under Windows
- Windows native (with GNUMake from GNUWin32).
All testing has been performed using Cygwin under Windows.
The source has been built only using the GNU toolchain (see below). Other
toolchains will likely cause problems.
GNU Toolchain Options
=====================
The NuttX make system will support the several different toolchain options.
All testing has been conducted using the CodeSourcery GCC toolchain. To use
a different toolchain, you simply need to add change to one of the following
configuration options to your .config (or defconfig) file:
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_CODESOURCERYW=y : CodeSourcery under Windows
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_CODESOURCERYL=y : CodeSourcery under Linux
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_ATOLLIC=y : Atollic toolchain for Windos
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_DEVKITARM=y : devkitARM under Windows
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_BUILDROOT=y : NuttX buildroot under Linux or Cygwin (default)
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_GNU_EABIL=y : Generic GCC ARM EABI toolchain for Linux
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_GNU_EABIW=y : Generic GCC ARM EABI toolchain for Windows
The CodeSourcery GCC toolchain is selected with
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_CODESOURCERYW=y and setting the PATH variable
appropriately.
NOTE about Windows native toolchains
------------------------------------
There are several limitations to using a Windows based toolchain in a
Cygwin environment. The three biggest are:
1. The Windows toolchain cannot follow Cygwin paths. Path conversions are
performed automatically in the Cygwin makefiles using the 'cygpath'
utility but you might easily find some new path problems. If so, check
out 'cygpath -w'
2. Windows toolchains cannot follow Cygwin symbolic links. Many symbolic
links are used in Nuttx (e.g., include/arch). The make system works
around these problems for the Windows tools by copying directories
instead of linking them. But this can also cause some confusion for
you: For example, you may edit a file in a "linked" directory and find
that your changes had no effect. That is because you are building the
copy of the file in the "fake" symbolic directory. If you use a\
Windows toolchain, you should get in the habit of making like this:
make clean_context all
An alias in your .bashrc file might make that less painful.
3. Dependencies are not made when using Windows versions of the GCC. This is
because the dependencies are generated using Windows paths which do not
work with the Cygwin make.
MKDEP = $(TOPDIR)/tools/mknulldeps.sh
IDEs
====
NuttX is built using command-line make. It can be used with an IDE, but some
effort will be required to create the project.
Makefile Build
--------------
Under Eclipse, it is pretty easy to set up an "empty makefile project" and
simply use the NuttX makefile to build the system. That is almost for free
under Linux. Under Windows, you will need to set up the "Cygwin GCC" empty
makefile project in order to work with Windows (Google for "Eclipse Cygwin" -
there is a lot of help on the internet).
Native Build
------------
Here are a few tips before you start that effort:
1) Select the toolchain that you will be using in your .config file
2) Start the NuttX build at least one time from the Cygwin command line
before trying to create your project. This is necessary to create
certain auto-generated files and directories that will be needed.
3) Set up include pathes: You will need include/, arch/arm/src/sam34,
arch/arm/src/common, arch/arm/src/armv7-m, and sched/.
4) All assembly files need to have the definition option -D __ASSEMBLY__
on the command line.
Startup files will probably cause you some headaches. The NuttX startup file
is arch/arm/src/sam34/sam_vectors.S. You may need to build NuttX
one time from the Cygwin command line in order to obtain the pre-built
startup object needed by an IDE.
NuttX EABI "buildroot" Toolchain
================================
A GNU GCC-based toolchain is assumed. The files */setenv.sh should
be modified to point to the correct path to the Cortex-M3 GCC toolchain (if
different from the default in your PATH variable).
If you have no Cortex-M3 toolchain, one can be downloaded from the NuttX
SourceForge download site (https://sourceforge.net/projects/nuttx/files/buildroot/).
This GNU toolchain builds and executes in the Linux or Cygwin environment.
1. You must have already configured Nuttx in <some-dir>/nuttx.
cd tools
./configure.sh sama5d4-ek/<sub-dir>
2. Download the latest buildroot package into <some-dir>
3. unpack the buildroot tarball. The resulting directory may
have versioning information on it like buildroot-x.y.z. If so,
rename <some-dir>/buildroot-x.y.z to <some-dir>/buildroot.
4. cd <some-dir>/buildroot
5. Copy the configuration file from the configs/ sub-directory to the
top-level build directory:
cp configs/cortexa8-eabi-defconfig-4.8.2 .config
6a. You may wish to modify the configuration before you build it. For
example, it is recommended that you build the kconfig-frontends tools,
generomfs, and the NXFLAT tools as well. You may also want to change
the selected toolchain. These reconfigurations can all be done with
make menuconfig
6b. If you chose to make the configuration with no changes, then you
should still do the following to make certain that the build
configuration is up-to-date:
make oldconfig
7. make
8. Edit setenv.h, if necessary, so that the PATH variable includes
the path to the newly built binaries.
See the file configs/README.txt in the buildroot source tree. That has more
details PLUS some special instructions that you will need to follow if you are
building a Cortex-M3 toolchain for Cygwin under Windows.
NXFLAT Toolchain
================
If you are *not* using the NuttX buildroot toolchain and you want to use
the NXFLAT tools, then you will still have to build a portion of the buildroot
tools -- just the NXFLAT tools. The buildroot with the NXFLAT tools can
be downloaded from the NuttX SourceForge download site
(https://sourceforge.net/projects/nuttx/files/).
This GNU toolchain builds and executes in the Linux or Cygwin environment.
1. You must have already configured Nuttx in <some-dir>/nuttx.
cd tools
./configure.sh sama5d4-ek/<sub-dir>
2. Download the latest buildroot package into <some-dir>
3. unpack the buildroot tarball. The resulting directory may
have versioning information on it like buildroot-x.y.z. If so,
rename <some-dir>/buildroot-x.y.z to <some-dir>/buildroot.
4. cd <some-dir>/buildroot
5. cp configs/cortexm3-defconfig-nxflat .config
6. make oldconfig
7. make
8. Edit setenv.h, if necessary, so that the PATH variable includes
the path to the newly built NXFLAT binaries.
NOTE: There are some known incompatibilities with 4.6.3 EABI toolchain
and the NXFLAT tools. See the top-level TODO file (under "Binary
loaders") for more information about this problem. If you plan to use
NXFLAT, please do not use the GCC 4.6.3 EABI toochain.
Loading Code into SRAM with J-Link
==================================
Loading code with the Segger tools and GDB
------------------------------------------
1) Change directories into the directory where you built NuttX.
2) Start the GDB server and wait until it is ready to accept GDB
connections.
3) Then run GDB like this:
$ arm-none-eabi-gdb
(gdb) target remote localhost:2331
(gdb) mon reset
(gdb) load nuttx
(gdb) ... start debugging ...
Loading code using J-Link Commander
----------------------------------
J-Link> r
J-Link> loadbin <file> <address>
J-Link> setpc <address of __start>
J-Link> ... start debugging ...
Writing to FLASH using SAM-BA
=============================
Assumed starting configuration:
1. You have installed the J-Link CDC USB driver (Windows only, there is
no need to install a driver on any regular Linux distribution),
2. You have the USB connected to DBGU port (J23)
3. Terminal configuration: 115200 8N1
Using SAM-BA to write to FLASH:
1. Exit the terminal emulation program and remove the USB cable from
the DBGU port (J23)
2. Connect the USB cable to the device USB port (J6)
3. JP9 must open (BMS == 1) to boot from on-chip Boot ROM.
4. Press and maintain PB4 CS_BOOT button and power up the board. PB4
CS_BOOT button prevents booting from Nand or serial Flash by
disabling Flash Chip Selects after having powered the board, you can
release the PB4 BS_BOOT button.
5. On Windows you may need to wait for a device driver to be installed.
6. Start the SAM-BA application, selecting (1) the correct USB serial
port, and (2) board = at91sama5d4-ek.
7. The SAM-BA menu should appear.
8. Select the FLASH bank that you want to use and the address to write
to and "Execute"
9. When you are finished writing to FLASH, remove the USB cable from J6
and re-connect the serial link on USB CDC / DBGU connector (J23) and
re-open the terminal emulator program.
10. Power cycle the board.
Creating and Using DRAMBOOT
===========================
In order to have more control of debugging code that runs out of DARM,
I created the sama5d4-ek/dramboot configuration. That configuration is
described below under "Configurations."
Here are some general instructions on how to build an use dramboot:
Building:
1. Remove any old configurations (if applicable).
cd <nuttx>
make distclean
2. Install and build the dramboot configuration. This steps will establish
the dramboot configuration and setup the PATH variable in order to do
the build:
cd tools
./configure.sh sama5d4-ek/dramboot
cd -
. ./setenv.sh
Before sourcing the setenv.sh file above, you should examine it and
perform edits as necessary so that TOOLCHAIN_BIN is the correct path
to the directory than holds your toolchain binaries.
NOTE: Be aware that the default dramboot also disables the watchdog.
Since you will not be able to re-enable the watchdog later, you may
need to set CONFIG_SAMA5_WDT=y in the NuttX configuration file.
Then make dramboot:
make
This will result in an ELF binary called 'nuttx' and also HEX and
binary versions called 'nuttx.hex' and 'nuttx.bin'.
3. Rename the binaries. Since you will need two versions of NuttX: this
dramboot version that runs in internal SRAM and another under test in
NOR FLASH, I rename the resulting binary files so that they can be
distinguished:
mv nuttx dramboot
mv nuttx.hex dramboot.hex
mv nuttx.bin dramboot.bin
4. Build the "real" DRAM configuration. This will create the nuttx.hex
that you will load using dramboot. Note that you must select
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_DRAM_BOOT=y. This controls the origin at which the
code is linked and positions it correctly for the DRAMBOOT program.
5. Restart the system holding DIS_BOOT. You should see the RomBOOT
prompt on the 115200 8N1 serial console (and nothing) more. Hit
the ENTER key with the focus on your terminal window a few time.
This will enable JTAG.
6. Then start the J-Link GDB server and GDB. In GDB, I do the following:
(gdb) mon heal # Halt the CPU
(gdb) load dramboot # Load dramboot into internal SRAM
(gdb) mon go # Start dramboot
You should see this message:
Send Intel HEX file now
Load your program by sending the nuttx.hex via the terminal program.
Then:
(gdb) mon halt # Break in
(gdb) mon reg pc = 0x20000040 # Set the PC to DRAM entry point
(gdb) mon go # And jump into DRAM
The dramboot program can also be configured to jump directly into
DRAM without requiring the final halt and go by setting
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_DRAM_START=y in the NuttX configuration. However,
since I have been debugging the early boot sequence, the above
sequence has been most convenient for me since it allows me to
step into the program in SDRAM.
7. An option is to use the SAM-BA tool to write the DRAMBOOT image into
Serial FLASH. Then, the system will boot from Serial FLASH by
copying the DRAMBOOT image in SRAM which will run, download the nuttx.hex
file, and then start the image loaded into DRAM automatically. This is
a very convenient usage!
NOTES: (1) There is that must be closed to enable use of the AT25
Serial Flash. (2) If using SAM-BA, make sure that you load the DRAM
boot program into the boot area via the pull-down menu. (3) If
you don't have SAM-BA, an alternative is to use the AT25BOOT program
described in the next section.
STATUS: I don't have a working SAM-BA at the moment and there are issues
with my AT25BOOT (see below). I currently work around these issues by
putting DRAMBOOT on a microSD card (as boot.bin). The RomBOOT loader does
boot that image without issue.
Creating and Using AT25BOOT
===========================
To work around some SAM-BA availability issues that I had at one time,
I created the AT25BOOT program. AT25BOOT is a tiny program that runs in
ISRAM. AT25BOOT will enable SDRAM and configure the AT25 Serial FLASH.
It will prompt and then load an Intel HEX program into SDRAM over the
serial console. If the program is successfully loaded in SDRAM, AT25BOOT
will copy the program at the beginning of the AT26 Serial FLASH.
If the jumpering is set correctly, the SAMA5D4 RomBOOT loader will
then boot the program from the serial FLASH the next time that it
reset.
The AT25BOOT configuration is described below under "Configurations."
Here are some general instructions on how to build an use AT25BOOT:
Building:
1. Remove any old configurations (if applicable).
cd <nuttx>
make distclean
2. Install and build the AT25BOOT configuration. This steps will establish
the AT25BOOT configuration and setup the PATH variable in order to do
the build:
cd tools
./configure.sh sama5d4-ek/at25boot
cd -
. ./setenv.sh
Before sourcing the setenv.sh file above, you should examine it and
perform edits as necessary so that TOOLCHAIN_BIN is the correct path
to the directory than holds your toolchain binaries.
Then make AT25BOOT:
make
This will result in an ELF binary called 'nuttx' and also HEX and
binary versions called 'nuttx.hex' and 'nuttx.bin'.
3. Rename the binaries. If you want to save this version of AT25BOOT so
that it does not get clobbered later, you may want to rename the
binaries:
mv nuttx at25boot
mv nuttx.hex at25boot.hex
mv nuttx.bin at25boot.bin
4. Build the "real" DRAMBOOT configuration. This will create the
dramboot.hex that you will write to the AT25 FLASH using AT25BOOT. See
the section above entitled "Creating and Using AT25BOOT" for more
information.
5. Restart the system holding DIS_BOOT. You should see the RomBOOT
prompt on the 115200 8N1 serial console (and nothing) more. Hit
the ENTER key with the focus on your terminal window a few time.
This will enable JTAG.
6. Then start the J-Link GDB server and GDB. In GDB, I do the following:
(gdb) mon heal # Halt the CPU
(gdb) load at25boot # Load AT25BOOT into internal SRAM
(gdb) mon go # Start AT25BOOT
You should see this message:
Send Intel HEX file now
Load DRAMBOOT by sending the dramboot.hex via the terminal program.
At this point you will get messages indicated whether or not the write
to the AT25 FLASH was successful or not. When you reset the board,
it should then boot from the AT25 Serial FLASH and you should again
get the prompt:
Send Intel HEX file now
But now you are being prompted to load the DRAM program under test
(See the section above entitled "Creating and Using AT25BOOT").
7. An better option, if available, is to use the SAM-BA tool to write the
DRAMBOOT image into Serial FLASH.
NOTES: (1) There is that must be closed to enable use of the AT25
Serial Flash. (2) If using SAM-BA, make sure that you load the DRAM
boot program into the boot area via the pull-down menu.
STATUS: While this program works great and appears to correctly write
the binary image onto the AT25 Serial FLASH, the RomBOOT loader will
not boot it! I believe that is because the secure boot loader has some
undocumented requirements that I am unaware of. (2014-6-28)
Running NuttX from SDRAM
========================
NuttX may be executed from SDRAM. But this case means that the NuttX
binary must reside on some other media (typically NAND FLASH, Serial
FLASH) or transferred over some interface (perhaps a UARt or even a
TFTP server). In these cases, an intermediate bootloader such as U-Boot
or Barebox must be used to configure the SAMA5D4 clocks and SDRAM and
then to copy the NuttX binary into SDRAM.
The SRAMBOOT program is another option (see above). But this section
will focus on U-Boot.
- NuttX Configuration
- Boot sequence
- NAND FLASH Memory Map
- Programming the AT91Boostrap Binary
- Programming U-Boot
- Load NuttX with U-Boot on AT91 boards
TODO: Some drivers may require some adjustments to run from SDRAM. That
is because in this case macros like BOARD_MCK_FREQUENCY are not constants
but are instead function calls: The MCK clock frequency is not known in
advance but instead has to be calculated from the bootloader PLL configuration.
See the TODO list at the end of this file for further information.
NuttX Configuration
-------------------
In order to run from SDRAM, NuttX must be built at origin 0x20008000 in
SDRAM (skipping over SDRAM memory used by the bootloader). The following
configuration option is required:
CONFIG_SAMA5_BOOT_SDRAM=y
CONFIG_BOOT_RUNFROMSDRAM=y
These options tell the NuttX code that it will be booting and running from
SDRAM. In this case, the start-logic will do to things: (1) it will not
configure the SAMA5D4 clocking. Rather, it will use the clock configuration
as set up by the bootloader. And (2) it will not attempt to configure the
SDRAM. Since NuttX is already running from SDRAM, it must accept the SDRAM
configuration as set up by the bootloader.
Boot sequence
-------------
Reference: http://www.at91.com/linux4sam/bin/view/Linux4SAM/GettingStarted
Several pieces of software are involved to boot a Nutt5X into SDRAM. First
is the primary bootloader in ROM which is in charge to check if a valid
application is present on supported media (NOR FLASH, Serial DataFlash,
NAND FLASH, SD card).
The boot sequence of linux4SAM is done in several steps :
1. The ROM bootloader checks if a valid application is present in FLASH
and if it is the case downloads it into internal SRAM. This program
is usually a second level bootloader called AT91BootStrap.
2. AT91Bootstrap is the second level bootloader. It is in charge of the
hardware configuration. It downloads U-Boot / Barebox binary from
FLASH to SDRAM / DDRAM and starts the third level bootloader
(U-Boot / Barebox)
(see http://www.at91.com/linux4sam/bin/view/Linux4SAM/AT91Bootstrap).
3. The third level bootloader is either U-Boot or Barebox. The third
level bootloader is in charge of downloading NuttX binary from FLASH,
network, SD card, etc. It then starts NuttX.
4. Then NuttX runs from SDRAM
NAND FLASH Memory Map
---------------------
Reference: http://www.at91.com/linux4sam/bin/view/Linux4SAM/GettingStarted
0x0000:0000 - 0x0003:ffff: AT91BootStrap
0x0004:0000 - 0x000b:ffff: U-Boot
0x000c:0000 - 0x000f:ffff: U-Boot environment
0x0010:0000 - 0x0017:ffff: U-Boot environement redundant
0x0018:0000 - 0x001f:ffff: Device tree (DTB)
0x0020:0000 - 0x007f:ffff: NuttX
0x0080:0000 - end: Available for use as a NAND file system
Programming the AT91Boostrap Binary
-----------------------------------
Reference: http://www.at91.com/linux4sam/bin/view/Linux4SAM/AT91Bootstrap
This section describes how to program AT91Bootstrap binary into the boot
media with SAM-BA tool using NandFlash as boot media.
1. Get AT91BootStrap binaries. Build instructions are available here:
http://www.at91.com/linux4sam/bin/view/Linux4SAM/AT91Bootstrap#Build_AT91Bootstrap_from_sources
A pre-built AT91BootStrap binary is available here:
ftp://www.at91.com/pub/at91bootstrap/AT91Bootstrap3.6.1/sama5d3_xplained-nandflashboot-uboot-3.6.1.bin
2. Start the SAM-BA GUI Application:
- Connect the USB Device interface to your host machine using the USB
Device Cable.
- Make sure that the chip can execute the SAM-BA Monitor.
- Start SAM-BA GUI application.
- Select the board in the drop-down menu and choose the USB connection.
3. In the SAM-BA GUI Application:
- Choose the "NandFlash" tab in the SAM-BA GUI interface.
- Initialize the NandFlash by choosing the "Enable NandFlash" action in
the Scripts rolling menu, then press "Execute" button.
- Erase the NandFlash device by choosing the "Erase All" action, then
press "Execute" button.
- Enable the PMECC by choosing the "Enable OS PMECC parameters" action,
then press "Execute" button.
PMECC
Number of sectors per page: 4
Spare Size: 64
Number of ECC bits required: 4
Size of the ECC sector: 512
ECC offset: 36
- Choose "Send Boot File" action, then press Execute button to select the
at91bootstrap binary file and to program the binary to the NandFlash.
- Close SAM-BA, remove the USB Device cable.
Programming U-Boot
-------------------
Reference http://www.at91.com/linux4sam/bin/view/Linux4SAM/U-Boot
1. Get U-Boot Binaries. Build instructions are available here:
http://www.at91.com/linux4sam/bin/view/Linux4SAM/U-Boot#Build_U_Boot_from_sources
A pre-Built binay image is available here:
ftp://www.at91.com/pub/uboot/u-boot-v2013.07/u-boot-sama5d3_xplained-v2013.07-at91-r1.bin
2. Start the SAM-BA GUI Application:
- Connect the USB Device interface to your host machine using the USB
Device Cable.
- Make sure that the chip can execute the SAM-BA Monitor.
- Start SAM-BA GUI application.
- Select the board in the drop-down menu and choose the USB connection.
3. In the SAM-BA GUI Application:
- Choose the NandFlash tab in the SAM-BA GUI interface.
- Initialize the NandFlash by choosing the "Enable NandFlash" action in
the Scripts rolling menu, then press Execute button.
- Enable the PMECC by choosing the "Enable OS PMECC parameters" action,
then press Execute button.
PMECC
Number of sectors per page: 4
Spare Size: 64
Number of ECC bits required: 4
Size of the ECC sector: 512
ECC offset: 36
- Press the "Send File Name" Browse button
- Choose u-boot.bin binary file and press Open
- Enter the proper address on media in the Address text field:
0x00040000
- Press the "Send File" button
- Close SAM-BA, remove the USB Device cable.
You should now be able to interrupt with U-Boot vie the DBGU interface.
Load NuttX with U-Boot on AT91 boards
-------------------------------------
Reference http://www.at91.com/linux4sam/bin/view/Linux4SAM/U-Boot
Preparing NuttX image
U-Boot does not support normal binary images. Instead you have to
create an uImage file with the mkimage tool which encapsulates kernel
image with header information, CRC32 checksum, etc.
mkimage comes in source code with U-Boot distribution and it is built
during U-Boot compilation (u-boot-source-dir/tools/mkimage). There
are also sites where you can download pre-built mkimage binaries. For
example: http://www.trimslice.com/wiki/index.php/U-Boot_images
See the U-Boot README file for more information. More information is
also available in the mkimage man page (for example,
http://linux.die.net/man/1/mkimage).
Command to generate an uncompressed uImage file (4) :
mkimage -A arm -O linux -C none -T kernel -a 20008000 -e 20008000 \
-n nuttx -d nuttx.bin uImage
Where:
-A arm: Set architecture to ARM
-O linux: Select operating system. bootm command of u-boot changes
boot method by os type.
-T kernel: Set image type.
-C none: Set compression type.
-a 20008000: Set load address.
-e 20008000: Set entry point.
-n nuttx: Set image name.
-d nuttx.bin: Use image data from nuttx.bin.
This will generate a binary called uImage. If you have the path to
mkimage in your PATH variable, then you can automatically build the
uImage file by adding the following to your .config file:
CONFIG_RAW_BINARY=y
CONFIG_UBOOT_UIMAGE=y
CONFIG_UIMAGE_LOAD_ADDRESS=0x20008000
CONFIG_UIMAGE_ENTRY_POINT=0x20008040
The uImage file can them be loaded into memory from a variety of sources
(serial, SD card, JFFS2 on NAND, TFTP).
STATUS:
2014-4-1: So far, I am unable to get U-Boot to execute the uImage
file. I get the following error messages (in this case
trying to load from an SD card):
U-Boot> fatload mmc 0 0x22000000 uimage
reading uimage
97744 bytes read in 21 ms (4.4 MiB/s)
U-Boot> bootm 0x22000000
## Booting kernel from Legacy Image at 0x22000000 ...
Image Name: nuttx
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 97680 Bytes = 95.4 KiB
Load Address: 20008000
Entry Point: 20008040
Verifying Checksum ... OK
XIP Kernel Image ... OK
FDT and ATAGS support not compiled in - hanging
### ERROR ### Please RESET the board ###
This, however, appears to be a usable workaround:
U-Boot> fatload mmc 0 0x20008000 nuttx.bin
mci: setting clock 257812 Hz, block size 512
mci: setting clock 257812 Hz, block size 512
mci: setting clock 257812 Hz, block size 512
gen_atmel_mci: CMDR 00001048 ( 8) ARGR 000001aa (SR: 0c100025) Command Time Out
mci: setting clock 257812 Hz, block size 512
mci: setting clock 22000000 Hz, block size 512
reading nuttx.bin
108076 bytes read in 23 ms (4.5 MiB/s)
U-Boot> go 0x20008040
## Starting application at 0x20008040 ...
NuttShell (NSH) NuttX-7.2
nsh>
Loading through network
On a development system, it is useful to get the kernel and root file
system through the network. U-Boot provides support for loading
binaries from a remote host on the network using the TFTP protocol.
To manage to use TFTP with U-Boot, you will have to configure a TFTP
server on your host machine. Check your distribution manual or Internet
resources to configure a Linux or Windows TFTP server on your host:
- U-Boot documentation on a Linux host:
http://www.denx.de/wiki/view/DULG/SystemSetup#Section_4.6.
- Another TFTP configuration reference:
http://www.linuxhomenetworking.com/wiki/index.php/Quick_HOWTO_:_Ch16_:_Telnet%2C_TFTP%2C_and_xinetd#TFTP
On the U-Boot side, you will have to setup the networking parameters:
1. Setup an Ethernet address (MAC address)
Check this U-Boot network BuildRootFAQ entry to choose a proper MAC
address: http://www.denx.de/wiki/DULG/EthernetDoesNotWork
setenv ethaddr 00:e0:de:ad:be:ef
2. Setup IP parameters:
The board ip address
setenv ipaddr 10.0.0.2
The server ip address where the TFTP server is running
setenv serverip 10.0.0.1
3. saving Environment to flash
saveenv
4. If Ethernet Phy has not been detected during former bootup, reset
the board to reload U-Boot : the Ethernet address and Phy
initialization shall be ok, now
5. Download the NuttX uImage and the root file system to a ram location
using the U-Boot tftp command (Cf. U-Boot script capability chapter).
6. Launch NuttX issuing a bootm or boot command.
If the board has both emac and gmac, you can use following to choose
which one to use:
setenv ethact macb0,gmacb0
setenv ethprime gmacb0
STATUS:
2014-3-30: These instructions were adapted from the Linux4SAM website
but have not yet been used.
SAMA4D44-MB RevC PIO Usage
==========================
Rev. B. 0111A
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
SAMA5D4 PIO SIGNAL USAGE
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PA0/LCDDAT0/TMS PA0 LCDDAT0, TMS
PA1/LCDDAT1 PA1 LCDDAT1
PA2/LCDDAT2/G1_TXCK PA LCDDAT2, G1_TXCK
PA3/LCDDAT3/G1_RXCK PA3 LCDDAT3
PA4/LCDDAT4/G1_TXEN PA4 LCDDAT4, G1_TXEN
PA5/LCDDAT5/G1_TXER PA5 LCDDAT5
PA6/LCDDAT6/G1_CRS PA6 LCDDAT6
PA7/LCDDAT7 PA7 LCDDAT7
PA8/LCDDAT8/TCK PA8 LCDDAT8, TCK
PA9/LCDDAT9/G1_COL PA9 LCDDAT9
PA10/LCDDAT10/G1_RXDV PA10 LCDDAT10, G1_RXDV
PA11/LCDDAT11/G1_RXER PA11 LCDDAT11, G1_RXER
PA12/LCDDAT12/G1_RX0 PA12 LCDDAT12, G1_RX0
PA13/LCDDAT13/G1_RX1 PA13 LCDDAT13, G1_RX1
PA14/LCDDAT14/G1_TX0 PA14 LCDDAT14, G1_TX0
PA15/LCDDAT15/G1_TX1 PA15 LCDDAT15, G1_TX1
PA16/LCDDAT16/NTRST PA16 LCDDAT16, NTRST
PA17/LCDDAT17 PA17 LCDDAT17
PA18/LCDDAT18/G1_RX2 PA18 LCDDAT18
PA19/LCDDAT19/G1_RX3 PA19 LCDDAT19
PA20/LCDDAT20/G1_TX2 PA20 LCDDAT20
PA21/LCDDAT21/G1_TX3 PA21 LCDDAT21
PA22/LCDDAT22/G1_MDC PA22 LCDDAT22, G1_MDC
PA23/LCDDAT23/G1_MDIO PA23 LCDDAT23, G1_MDIO
PA24/LCDPWM/PCK0 PA24 LCDPWM, EXP
PA25/LCDDISP/TD0 PA25 LCDDISP, EXP
PA26/LCDVSYNC/PWMH0/SPI1_NPCS1 PA26 LCDVSYNC
PA27/LCDHSYNC/PWML0/SPI1_NPCS2 PA27 LCDHSYNC
PA28/LCDPCK/PWMH1/SPI1_NPCS3 PA28 LCDPCK
PA29/LCDDEN/PWML1 PA29 LCDDEN
PA30/TWD0 PA30 TWD0
PA31/TWCK0 PA31 TWCK0
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PB0/G0_TXCK PB0 G0_TXCK, EXP
PB1/G0_RXCK/SCK2/ISI_PCK ISI_PCK_PB1 ISI_PCK
PB2/G0_TXEN PB2 G0_TXEN,EXP
PB3/G0_TXER/CTS2/ISI_VSYNC ISI_VSYNC_PB3 ISI_VSYNC
PB4/G0_CRS/RXD2/ISI_HSYNC ISI_HSYNC_PB4 ISI_HSYNC
PB5/G0_COL/TXD2/PCK2 ISI_PWD_PB5 ISI_PWD
PB6/G0_RXDV PB6 G0_RXDV, EXP
PB7/G0_RXER PB7 G0_RXER, EXP
PB8/G0_RX0 PB8 G0_RX0, EXP
PB9/G0_RX1 PB9 G0_RX1, EXP
PB10/G0_RX2/PCK2/PWML1 PB10 AUDIO_PCK2, EXP
PB11/G0_RX3/RTS2/PWMH1 ISI_RST_PB11 ISI_RST
PB12/G0_TX0 PB12 G0_TX0, EXP
PB13/G0_TX1 PB13 G0_TX1, EXP
PB14/G0_TX2/SPI2_NPCS1/PWMH0 ZIG_SPI2_NPCS1 ZIG_SPI2_NPCS1
PB15/G0_TX3/SPI2_NPCS2/PWML0 HDMI_RST_PB15 HDMI_RST
PB16/G0_MDC PB16 G0_MDC, EXP
PB17/G0_MDIO PB17 G0_MDIO, EXP
PB18/SPI1_MISO/D8 LCD_SPI1_SO LCD_SPI1_SO
PB19/SPI1_MOSI/D9 LCD_SPI1_SI LCD_SPI1_SI
PB20/SPI1_SPCK/D10 LCD_SPI1_CLK LCD_SPI1_CLK
PB21/SPI1_NPCS0/D11 EXP_PB21 EXP
PB22/SPI1_NPCS1/D12 EXP_PB22 EXP
PB23/SPI1_NPCS2/D13 LCD_SPI1_CS2 LCD_SPI1_NPCS2
PB24/DRXD/D14/TDI PB24 TDI, EXP
PB25/DTXD/D15/TDO PB25 TDO, EXP
PB26/PCK0/RK0/PWMH0 PB26 AUDIO_RK0
PB27/SPI1_NPCS3/TK0/PWML0 PB27 AUDIO, HDMI_TK0, EXP
PB28/SPI2_NPCS3/TD0/PWMH1 PB28 AUDIO, HDMI_TD0, EXP
PB29/TWD2/RD0/PWML1 PB29 AUDIO_RD0, ZIG_TWD2
PB30/TWCK2/RF0 PB30 AUDIO_RF, ZIG_TWCK2
PB31/TF0 PB31 AUDIO, HDMI_TF0, EXP
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PC0/SPI0_MISO/PWMH2/ISI_D8 PC0 AT25_SPI0_SO, ISI_D8
PC1/SPI0_MOSI/PWML2/ISI_D9 PC1 AT25_SPI0_SI, ISI_D9
PC2/SPI0_SPCK/PWMH3/ISI_D10 PC2 AT25_SPI0_SPCK, ISI_D10,
ZIG_PWMH3_PC2
PC3/SPI0_NPCS0/PWML3/ISI_D11 PC3 AT25_SPI0_NCPS0, ISI_D11,
ZIG_PWML3_PC3 (See JP6)
PC4/SPI0_NPCS1/MCI0_CK/PCK1 PC4 MCI0_CK, ISI_MCK, EXP
PC5/D0/MCI0_CDA PC5 MCI0_CDA, NAND_IO0
PC6/D1/MCI0_DA0 PC6 MCI0_DA0, NAND_IO1
PC7/D2/MCI0_DA1 PC7 MCI0_DA1, NAND_IO2
PC8/D3/MCI0_DA2 PC8 MCI0_DA2, NAND_IO3
PC9/D4/MCI0_DA3 PC9 MCI0_DA3, NAND_IO4
PC10/D5/MCI0_DA4 PC10 MCI0_DA4, NAND_IO5
PC11/D6/MCI0_DA5 PC11 MCI0_DA5, NAND_IO6
PC12/D7/MCI0_DA6 PC12 MCI0_DA6, NAND_IO7
PC13/NRD/NANDOE/MCI0_DA7 PC13 MCI0_DA7, NAND_RE
PC14/NWE/NANDWE NAND_WEn NWE, NANDWE
PC15/NCS3 NAND_NCS3 NAND_NCS3
PC16/NANDRDY NAND_RDY NANDRDY
PC17/A21/NANDALE NAND_ALE NAND_ALE
PC18/A22/NANDCLE NAND_CLE NAND_CLE
PC19/ISI_D0/TK1 PC19 ISI_D0
PC20/ISI_D1/TF1 PC20 ISI_D1
PC21/ISI_D2/TD1 PC21 ISI_D2
PC22/ISI_D3/RF1 PC22 ISI_D3
PC23/ISI_D4/RD1 PC23 ISI_D4
PC24/ISI_D5/RK1/PCK1 PC24 ISI_D5
PC25/ISI_D6/TWD3/URXD1 PC25 AUDIO_TWD3, ISI_D6
PC26/ISI_D7/TWCK3/UTXD1 PC26 AUDIO_TWCK3, ISI_D7
PC27/AD0/SPI0_NPCS1/PWML0 AD0_XP AD0_XP
PC28/AD1/SPI0_NPCS2/PWML1 AD1_XM AD1_XM
PC29/AD2/SPI0_NPCS3/PWMFI0 AD2_YP AD2_YP
PC30/AD3/PWMH0 AD3_YM AD3_YM
PC31/AD4/PWMH1 AD4_LR AD4_LR, ADC_INPUT
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PD8/PCK0 PD8 EXP_PCK0
PD9/FIQ USB_OVCUR_PD9 USB_OVCUR_PD9
PD10/CTS0/CDETA ZIG_CTS0_PD10 ZIG_CTS0
PD11/RTS0/SPI2_MISO ZIG_SPI2_MISO_RTS0 ZIG_SPI2_MISO_RTS0
PD12/RXD0/DCENA ZIG_RXD0_PD12 ZIG_RXD0
PD13/TXD0/SPI2_MOSI ZIG_SPI2_MOSI_TXD0 ZIG_SPI2_MOSI_TXD0
PD14/CTS1/CDETB ZIG_CTS1_PD14 ZIG_CTS1
PD15/RTS1/SPI2_SPCK ZIG_SPI2_SPCK_RTS1 ZIG_SPI2_SPCK_RTS
PD16/RXD1/DCENB ZIG_RXD1_PD16 ZIG_RXD1_PD16
PD17/TXD1/SPI2_NPCS0 ZIG_SPI2_NPCS0_TXD1 ZIG_SPI2_NPCS0_TXD
PD18/SENSE0 SENSE0_PD18 SENSE0
PD19/SENSE1 SENSE1_PD19 SENSE1
PD20/SENSE2 SENSE2_PD20 SENSE2
PD21/SENSE3 SENSE3_PD21 SENSE3
PD22/SENSE4 SENSE4_PD22 SENSE4
PD23/SENSE5 N/C N/C
PD24/SENSE6 N/C N/C
PD25/SENSE7 N/C N/C
PD26/SENSE8 N/C N/C
PD27/SENSE9 N/C N/C
PD28/SCK0 N/C PD28
PD29/SCK1 SENSE_DISCH_PD29 SENSE_DISCH
PD30 EXP_PD30 EXP
PD31/SPI0_NPCS2/PCK1 EXP_PD31 EXP
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PE0/A0/NBS0/MCI0_CDB/CTS4 PMIC_IRQ_PE0 PMIC_IRQ
PE1/A1/MCI0_DB0 G0_IRQ_PE1 G0_IRQ
PE2/A2/MCI0_DB1 G1_IRQ_PE2 G1_IRQ
PE3/A3/MCI0_DB2 HDMI_IRQ_PE3 HDMI_IRQ
PE4/A4/MCI0_DB3 AUDIO_IRQ_PE4 AUDIO_IRQ
PE5/A5/CTS3 MCI0_CD_PE5 MCI0_CD
PE6/A6/TIOA3 MCI1_CD_PE6 MCI1_CD
PE7/A7/TIOB3/PWMFI1 EXP_PE7 EXP
PE8/A8/TCLK3/PWML3 LED_USER_PE8 LED_USER (D10)
PE9/A9/TIOA2 LED_POWER_PE9 LED_POWER (D9, Red)
PE10/A10/TIOB2 USBA_EN5V_PE10 EN5V_USBA
PE11/A11/TCLK2 USBB_EN5V_PE11 EN5V_USBB
PE12/A12/TIOA1/PWMH2 USBC_EN5V_PE12 EN5V_USBC
PE13/A13/TIOB1/PWML2 PB_USER1_PE13 PB_USER1
PE14/A14/TCLK1/PWMH3 MCI1_CD_PE14 MCI1_CD ???
PE15/A15/SCK3/TIOA0 MCI1_PWR_PE15 MCI1_PWR
PE16/A16/RXD3/TIOB0 DBGU_RXD3_PE16 DBGU_RXD3 (See JP19)
PE17/A17/TXD3/TCLK0 DBGU_TXD3_PE17 DBGU_TXD3 (See JP20)
PE18/A18/TIOA5/MCI1_CK PE18 MCI1_CK, EXP
PE19/A19/TIOB5/MCI1_CDA PE19 MCI1_CDA, EXP
PE20/A20/TCLK5/MCI1_DA0 PE20 MCI1_DA0, EXP
PE21/A23/TIOA4/MCI1_DA1 PE21 MCI1_DA1, EXP
PE22/A24/TIOB4/MCI1_DA2 PE22 MCI1_DA2, EXP
PE23/A25/TCLK4/MCI1_DA3 PE23 MCI1_DA3, EXP
PE24/NCS0/RTS3 LCD_PE24 LCD_PE24
PE25/NCS1/SCK4/IRQ LCD_PE25 LCD_PE25
PE26/NCS2/RXD4/A18 RXD4_PE26 RXD4
PE27/NWR1/NBS1/TXD4 TXD4_PE27 TXD4
PE28/NWAIT/RTS4/A19 1Wire_PE28 1-WIRE ROM, LCD, D8 (green)
PE29/DIBP/URXD0/TWD1 SMD_DIBP_PE29 DIBP
PE30/DIBN/UTXD0/TWCK1 SMD_DIBN_PE30 DIBP
PE31/ADTRG USBA_VBUS_PE31 USBA_VBUS_PE31
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
Board Revisions
===============
PIO Usage
---------
Most of this work was developed on a SAMA5D4-MB Rev C. board. Here is a
pin-for-pin comparison between the Rev C and Rev E boards. This is a
comparison of signal naming only; some differences are simply due to
differences in naming and any functional differences with no signal name
change would no be noted.
---------- --------------------- ---------------------
PINS SAMA5D44-MB Rev C. SAMA5D44-MB Rev E.
---------- --------------------- ---------------------
PA0-PA31: Identical
---------- --------------------- ---------------------
PB0-PB13: Identical
PB14 ZIG_SPI2_NPCS1 XPRO_SPI2_NPCS1
PB15-PB31: Identical
---------- --------------------- ---------------------
PC0-PC1: Identical
PC2 A-SPCK/ISI_D10/PWMH3 SPCK/ISI_D10/PWMH3
PC3 A-NCPS0/ISI_D11/PWML3 NCPS0/ISI_D11/PWML3
PC4-PC31: Identical
---------- --------------------- ---------------------
PD0-PD9: Identical
PD10 ZIG_CTS0 XPRO_CTS0
PD11 ZIG_SPI2_MISO_RTS0 XPRO_MISO_RTS0
PD12 ZIG_RXD0 XPRO_RXD0
PD13 ZIG_SPI2_MOSI_TXD0 XPRO_MOSI_TXD0
PD14 ZIG_CTS1 XPRO_CTS1
PD15 ZIG_SPI2_SPCK_RTS1 XPRO_SPCK_RTS1
PD16 ZIG_RXD1_PD16 XPRO_RXD1_PD16
PD17 ZIG_SPI2_NPCS0_TXD XPRO_NPCS0_TXD1
PD18 SENSE0 NC
PD19 SENSE1 NC
PD20 SENSE2 NC
PD21 SENSE3 NC
PD22 NSENSE4C NC
PD23-PD27: Identical
PD28 PD28 SCK0
PD29 SENSE_DISCH SCK1
PD30-PD31: Identical
---------- --------------------- ---------------------
PE0-PE13: Identical
PE14 MCI1_CD EXP
PE15-PE30: Identical
PE31 USBA_VBUS_PE31 USBA_VBUS/ADTRG
---------- --------------------- ---------------------
Jumpers
-------
---------- --------------------- ---------------------
Jumpers SAMA5D44-MB Rev C. SAMA5D44-MB Rev E.
---------- --------------------- ---------------------
JP2-J3 Identical function
JP4 Force power on Not present on Rev E.
function selection
JP5-J22 Identical function
JP23 AUDIO_TWD0_PA30 Not present on Rev E.
JP24 Not present on Rev. C For CTS,RTS usage
Buttons and LEDs
================
Buttons
-------
A single button, PB_USER1 (PB2), is available on the SAMA5D4-EK:
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
SAMA5D4 PIO SIGNAL USAGE
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PE13/A13/TIOB1/PWML2 PB_USER1_PE13 PB_USER1
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
Closing JP2 will bring PE13 to ground so 1) PE13 should have a weak pull-up,
and 2) when PB2 is pressed, a low value will be senses.
Support for pollable buttons is enabled with:
CONFIG_ARCH_BUTTONS=y
For interrupt driven buttons, add:
CONFIG_ARCH_IRQBUTTONS=y
Program interfaces for button access are described in nuttx/include/nuttx/arch.h
There is an example that can be enabled to test button interrupts. That
example is enabled like:
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_BUTTONS=y
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_BUTTONS_MAX=0
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_BUTTONS_MIN=0
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_BUTTONS_NAME0="PB_USER"
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_IRQBUTTONS_MAX=0
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_IRQBUTTONS_MIN=0
LEDs
----
There are 3 LEDs on the SAMA5D4-EK:
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
SAMA5D4 PIO SIGNAL USAGE
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PE28/NWAIT/RTS4/A19 1Wire_PE28 1-WIRE ROM, LCD, D8 (green)
PE8/A8/TCLK3/PWML3 LED_USER_PE8 LED_USER (D10)
PE9/A9/TIOA2 LED_POWER_PE9 LED_POWER (D9, Red)
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
- D8: D8 is shared with other functions and cannot be used if the 1-Wire ROM
is used. I am not sure of the LCD function, but the LED may not be available
if the LCD is used either. We will avoid using D8 just for simplicity.
- D10: Nothing special here. A low output illuminates.
- D9: The Power ON LED. Connects to the via an IRLML2502 MOSFET. This LED will
be on when power is applied but otherwise a low output value will turn it
off.
These LEDs are not used by the board port unless CONFIG_ARCH_LEDS is
defined. In that case, the usage by the board port is defined in
include/board.h and src/sam_leds.c. The LEDs are used to encode OS-related
events as follows:
SYMBOL Meaning LED state
USER D10 POWER D9
------------------- ----------------------- -------- --------
LED_STARTED NuttX has been started OFF ON
LED_HEAPALLOCATE Heap has been allocated OFF ON
LED_IRQSENABLED Interrupts enabled OFF ON
LED_STACKCREATED Idle stack created ON ON
LED_INIRQ In an interrupt No change
LED_SIGNAL In a signal handler No change
LED_ASSERTION An assertion failed No change
LED_PANIC The system has crashed OFF Blinking
LED_IDLE MCU is is sleep mode Not used
Thus if the D0 and D9 are statically on, NuttX has successfully booted and
is, apparently, running normally. If the red D9 LED is flashing at
approximately 2Hz, then a fatal error has been detected and the system
has halted.
Serial Console
==============
Two UART ports are available:
Virtual COM / DBGU Port (J24). Either may be driven by USART3, depending
upon the setting of JP19 and JP20:
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
SAMA5D4 PIO SIGNAL USAGE
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PE16/A16/RXD3/TIOB0 DBGU_RXD3_PE16 DBGU_RXD3 (See JP19)
PE17/A17/TXD3/TCLK0 DBGU_TXD3_PE17 DBGU_TXD3 (See JP20)
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
In one jumper position UART3 connects to the SAM3U which will, in turn,
provide the serial output over a USB virtual COM port. In other other
jumper position, UART3 will connect the RS-232 port labelled DBGU (J24).
I personally prefer the RS-232 port because my terminal software does not
lose the USB Virtual COM every time I reset or power-cycle the board.
USART4 TTL-Level
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
SAMA5D4 PIO SIGNAL USAGE
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PE26/NCS2/RXD4/A18 RXD4_PE26 RXD4
PE27/NWR1/NBS1/TXD4 TXD4_PE27 TXD4
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
A TTL-to-RS232 converter is required to use this USART for a serial console.
- RXD4/PE26 is available at Expansion Interface, J19C pin 59
- TXD4/PE27 is available at Expansion Interface, J19C pin 60
- VCC_3V3 is also available at Expansion Interface, J19B pins 21 and 22
- GND is available J19A pin 11, J19B pin 31, and J19C pin 51
By default the RS-232 DBGU port on USART3 is used as the NuttX serial
console in all configurations (unless otherwise noted). USART4, however,
is the also available.
Networking
==========
Networking support via the can be added to NSH by selecting the following
configuration options. The SAMA5D44 supports two different 10/100Base-T
Ethernet MAC peripherals.
NOTE: See the "kludge" for EMAC that is documented in the To-Do
list at the end of this README file.
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
SAMA5D4 PIO SAMA5D4-MB KSZ8081RNB
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PB0/G0_TXCK G0_TXCK_PB0 RXF_CLK/B-CAST_OFF
PB1/G0_RXCK/SCK2/ISI_PCK (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PB2/G0_TXEN G0_TXEN_PB2 TXEN
PB3/G0_TXER/CTS2/ISI_VSYNC (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PB4/G0_CRS/RXD2/ISI_HSYNC (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PB5/G0_COL/TXD2/PCK2 (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PB6/G0_RXDV G0_RXDV_PB6 CRS_DV/CONFIG2
PB7/G0_RXER G0_RXER_PB7 RXER/ISO
PB8/G0_RX0 G0_RX0_PB8 RXD0/DUPLEX
PB9/G0_RX1 G0_RX1_PB9 RXD1/PHYAD2
PB10/G0_RX2/PCK2/PWML1 (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PB11/G0_RX3/RTS2/PWMH1 (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PB12/G0_TX0 G0_TX0_PB12 TXD0
PB13/G0_TX1 G0_TX1_PB13 TXD1
PB14/G0_TX2/SPI2_NPCS1/PWMH0 (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PB15/G0_TX3/SPI2_NPCS2/PWML0 (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PB16/G0_MDC G0_MDC_PB16 MDC
PB17/G0_MDIO G0_MDIO_PB17 MDIO
PE1/A1/MCI0_DB0 G0_IRQ_PE1 nINTRP/NAND_TREE
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PA2/LCDDAT2/G1_TXCK G1_TXCK_PA2 RXF_CLK/B-CAST_OFF
PA3/LCDDAT3/G1_RXCK (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PA4/LCDDAT4/G1_TXEN G1_TXEN_PA4 TXEN
PA5/LCDDAT5/G1_TXER (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PA6/LCDDAT6/G1_CRS (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PA9/LCDDAT9/G1_COL (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PA10/LCDDAT10/G1_RXDV G1_RXDV_PA10 CRS_DV/CONFIG2
PA11/LCDDAT11/G1_RXER G1_RXER_PA11 RXER/ISO
PA12/LCDDAT12/G1_RX0 G1_RX0_PA12 RXD0/DUPLEX
PA13/LCDDAT13/G1_RX1 G1_RX1_PA13 RXD1/PHYAD2
PA18/LCDDAT18/G1_RX2 (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PA19/LCDDAT19/G1_RX3 (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PA14/LCDDAT14/G1_TX0 G1_TX0_PA14 TXD0
PA15/LCDDAT15/G1_TX1 G1_TX1_PA15 TXD1
PA20/LCDDAT20/G1_TX2 (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PA21/LCDDAT21/G1_TX3 (RMII, not used) (RMII, not used)
PA22/LCDDAT22/G1_MDC G1_MDC_PA22 MDC
PA23/LCDDAT23/G1_MDIO G1_MDIO_PA23 MDIO
PE2/A2/MCI0_DB1 G1_IRQ_PE2 nINTRP/NAND_TREE
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
EMAC2 connects (directly) to a KSZ8081RNB PHY (U10) and is available at
the ETH0 connector.
EMAC1 connects (indirectly) to another KSZ8081RNB PHY (U7) and is available
at the ETH1 connector.
The ETH1 signals go through line drivers that are enabled via the board
LCD_ETH1_CONFIG signal. Jumper JP2 selects either the EMAC1 or the LCD by
controlling the the LCD_ETH1_CONFIG signal on the board.
- JP2 open, LCD_ETH1_CONFIG pulled high:
LCD_ETH1_CONFIG=1: LCD 5v enable(LCD_DETECT#=0); ETH1 disable
- JP2 closed, LCD_ETH1_CONFIG grounded:
LCD_ETH1_CONFIG=0: LCD 5v disable; ETH1 enable
Selecting the EMAC0 peripheral
-----------------------------
System Type -> SAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0=y : Enable the EMAC peripheral
System Type -> EMAC device driver options
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0_NRXBUFFERS=16 : Set aside some RS and TX buffers
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0_NTXBUFFERS=8
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0_PHYADDR=1 : KSZ8081 PHY is at address 1
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0_AUTONEG=y : Use autonegotiation
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0_RMII=y : The RMII interfaces is used on the board
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0_PHYSR=30 : Address of PHY status register on KSZ8081
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0_PHYSR_ALTCONFIG=y : Needed for KSZ8081
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0_PHYSR_ALTMODE=0x7 : " " " " " "
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0_PHYSR_10HD=0x1 : " " " " " "
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0_PHYSR_100HD=0x2 : " " " " " "
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0_PHYSR_10FD=0x5 : " " " " " "
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0_PHYSR_100FD=0x6 : " " " " " "
PHY selection. Later in the configuration steps, you will need to select
the KSZ8081 PHY for EMAC (See below)
Selecting the EMAC1 peripheral
-----------------------------
System Type -> SAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1=y : Enable the EMAC peripheral
System Type -> EMAC device driver options
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1_NRXBUFFERS=16 : Set aside some RS and TX buffers
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1_NTXBUFFERS=8
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1_PHYADDR=1 : KSZ8081 PHY is at address 1
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1_AUTONEG=y : Use autonegotiation
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1_RMII=y : The RMII interfaces is used on the board
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1_PHYSR=30 : Address of PHY status register on KSZ8081
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1_PHYSR_ALTCONFIG=y : Needed for KSZ8081
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1_PHYSR_ALTMODE=0x7 : " " " " " "
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1_PHYSR_10HD=0x1 : " " " " " "
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1_PHYSR_100HD=0x2 : " " " " " "
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1_PHYSR_10FD=0x5 : " " " " " "
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1_PHYSR_100FD=0x6 : " " " " " "
PHY selection. Later in the configuration steps, you will need to select
the KSZ8081 PHY for EMAC (See below)
If both EMAC0 and EMAC1 are selected, you will also need:
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0_ISETH0=y : EMAC0 is "eth0"; EMAC1 is "eth1"
PHY selection. Later in the configuration steps, you will need to select
the KSZ9081 PHY for GMAC (See below)
Common configuration settings
-----------------------------
Networking Support
CONFIG_NET=y : Enable Neworking
CONFIG_NET_SOCKOPTS=y : Enable socket operations
CONFIG_NET_BUFSIZE=562 : Maximum packet size (MTD) 1518 is more standard
CONFIG_NET_RECEIVE_WINDOW=562 : Should be the same as CONFIG_NET_BUFSIZE
CONFIG_NET_ARP=y : ARP support should be enabled
CONFIG_NET_ARP_IPIN=y : IP address harvesting (optional)
CONFIG_NET_TCP=y : Enable TCP/IP networking
CONFIG_NET_TCPBACKLOG=y : Support TCP/IP backlog
CONFIG_NET_TCP_READAHEAD=y : Enable TCP read-ahead buffering
CONFIG_NET_TCP_WRITE_BUFFERS=y : Enable TCP write buffering
CONFIG_NET_UDP=y : Enable UDP networking
CONFIG_NET_BROADCAST=y : Support UDP broadcase packets
CONFIG_NET_ICMP=y : Enable ICMP networking
CONFIG_NET_ICMP_PING=y : Needed for NSH ping command
: Defaults should be okay for other options
Device drivers -> Network Device/PHY Support
CONFIG_NETDEVICES=y : Enabled PHY selection
CONFIG_ETH0_PHY_KSZ8081=y : Select the KSZ8081 PHY used with EMAC0 and 1
Application Configuration -> Network Utilities
CONFIG_NETUTILS_DNSCLIENT=y : Enable host address resolution
CONFIG_NETUTILS_TELNETD=y : Enable the Telnet daemon
CONFIG_NETUTILS_TFTPC=y : Enable TFTP data file transfers for get and put commands
CONFIG_NETUTILS_NETLIB=y : Network library support is needed
CONFIG_NETUTILS_WEBCLIENT=y : Needed for wget support
: Defaults should be okay for other options
Application Configuration -> NSH Library
CONFIG_NSH_TELNET=y : Enable NSH session via Telnet
CONFIG_NSH_IPADDR=0x0a000002 : Select an IP address
CONFIG_NSH_DRIPADDR=0x0a000001 : IP address of gateway/host PC
CONFIG_NSH_NETMASK=0xffffff00 : Netmask
CONFIG_NSH_NOMAC=y : Need to make up a bogus MAC address
: Defaults should be okay for other options
Using the network with NSH
--------------------------
So what can you do with this networking support? First you see that
NSH has several new network related commands:
ifconfig, ifdown, ifup: Commands to help manage your network
get and put: TFTP file transfers
wget: HTML file transfers
ping: Check for access to peers on the network
Telnet console: You can access the NSH remotely via telnet.
You can also enable other add on features like full FTP or a Web
Server or XML RPC and others. There are also other features that
you can enable like DHCP client (or server) or network name
resolution.
By default, the IP address of the SAMA4D4-EK will be 10.0.0.2 and
it will assume that your host is the gateway and has the IP address
10.0.0.1.
nsh> ifconfig
eth0 HWaddr 00:e0:de:ad:be:ef at UP
IPaddr:10.0.0.2 DRaddr:10.0.0.1 Mask:255.255.255.0
You can use ping to test for connectivity to the host (Careful,
Window firewalls usually block ping-related ICMP traffic). On the
target side, you can:
nsh> ping 10.0.0.1
PING 10.0.0.1 56 bytes of data
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=1 time=0 ms
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=2 time=0 ms
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=3 time=0 ms
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=4 time=0 ms
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=5 time=0 ms
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=6 time=0 ms
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=7 time=0 ms
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=8 time=0 ms
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=9 time=0 ms
56 bytes from 10.0.0.1: icmp_seq=10 time=0 ms
10 packets transmitted, 10 received, 0% packet loss, time 10100 ms
NOTE: In this configuration is is normal to have packet loss > 0%
the first time you ping due to the default handling of the ARP
table.
On the host side, you should also be able to ping the SAMA4D4-EK:
$ ping 10.0.0.2
You can also log into the NSH from the host PC like this:
$ telnet 10.0.0.2
Trying 10.0.0.2...
Connected to 10.0.0.2.
Escape character is '^]'.
sh_telnetmain: Session [3] Started
NuttShell (NSH) NuttX-6.31
nsh> help
help usage: help [-v] [<cmd>]
[ echo ifconfig mkdir mw sleep
? exec ifdown mkfatfs ping test
cat exit ifup mkfifo ps umount
cp free kill mkrd put usleep
cmp get losetup mh rm wget
dd help ls mount rmdir xd
df hexdump mb mv sh
Builtin Apps:
nsh>
NOTE: If you enable this feature, you experience a delay on booting.
That is because the start-up logic waits for the network connection
to be established before starting NuttX. In a real application, you
would probably want to do the network bringup on a separate thread
so that access to the NSH prompt is not delayed.
This delay will be especially long if the board is not connected to
a network. On the order of a minute! You will probably think that
NuttX has crashed! And then, when it finally does come up, the
network will not be available.
Network Initialization Thread
-----------------------------
There is a configuration option enabled by CONFIG_NSH_NETINIT_THREAD
that will do the NSH network bring-up asynchronously in parallel on
a separate thread. This eliminates the (visible) networking delay
altogether. This networking initialization feature by itself has
some limitations:
- If no network is connected, the network bring-up will fail and
the network initialization thread will simply exit. There are no
retries and no mechanism to know if the network initialization was
successful.
- Furthermore, there is no support for detecting loss of the network
connection and recovery of networking when the connection is restored.
Both of these shortcomings can be eliminated by enabling the network
monitor:
Network Monitor
---------------
By default the network initialization thread will bring-up the network
then exit, freeing all of the resources that it required. This is a
good behavior for systems with limited memory.
If the CONFIG_NSH_NETINIT_MONITOR option is selected, however, then the
network initialization thread will persist forever; it will monitor the
network status. In the event that the network goes down (for example, if
a cable is removed), then the thread will monitor the link status and
attempt to bring the network back up. In this case the resources
required for network initialization are never released.
Pre-requisites:
- CONFIG_NSH_NETINIT_THREAD as described above.
- CONFIG_NETDEV_PHY_IOCTL. Enable PHY IOCTL commands in the Ethernet
device driver. Special IOCTL commands must be provided by the Ethernet
driver to support certain PHY operations that will be needed for link
management. There operations are not complex and are implemented for
the Atmel SAMA5 family.
- CONFIG_ARCH_PHY_INTERRUPT. This is not a user selectable option.
Rather, it is set when you select a board that supports PHY interrupts.
In most architectures, the PHY interrupt is not associated with the
Ethernet driver at all. Rather, the PHY interrupt is provided via some
board-specific GPIO and the board-specific logic must provide support
for that GPIO interrupt. To do this, the board logic must do two things:
(1) It must provide the function arch_phy_irq() as described and
prototyped in the nuttx/include/nuttx/arch.h, and (2) it must select
CONFIG_ARCH_PHY_INTERRUPT in the board configuration file to advertise
that it supports arch_phy_irq(). This logic can be found at
nuttx/configs/sama5d4-ek/src/sam_ethernet.c.
- And a few other things: UDP support is required (CONFIG_NET_UDP) and
signals must not be disabled (CONFIG_DISABLE_SIGNALS).
Given those prerequisites, the newtork monitor can be selected with these additional settings.
Networking Support -> Networking Device Support
CONFIG_NETDEV_PHY_IOCTL=y : Enable PHY ioctl support
Application Configuration -> NSH Library -> Networking Configuration
CONFIG_NSH_NETINIT_THREAD : Enable the network initialization thread
CONFIG_NSH_NETINIT_MONITOR=y : Enable the network monitor
CONFIG_NSH_NETINIT_RETRYMSEC=2000 : Configure the network monitor as you like
CONFIG_NSH_NETINIT_SIGNO=18
AT25 Serial FLASH
=================
Connections
-----------
The SAMA4D4-EK board supports an options Serial DataFlash connected
at MN8. The SPI connection is as follows:
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
SAMA5D4 PIO SIGNAL USAGE
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PC0/SPI0_MISO/PWMH2/ISI_D8 PC0 AT25_SPI0_SO, ISI_D8
PC1/SPI0_MOSI/PWML2/ISI_D9 PC1 AT25_SPI0_SI, ISI_D9
PC2/SPI0_SPCK/PWMH3/ISI_D10 PC2 AT25_SPI0_SPCK, ISI_D10,
ZIG_PWMH3_PC2
PC3/SPI0_NPCS0/PWML3/ISI_D11 PC3 AT25_SPI0_NCPS0, ISI_D11,
ZIG_PWML3_PC3 (See JP6)
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
Configuration
-------------
System Type -> SAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_SPI0=y : Enable SPI0
CONFIG_SAMA5_DMAC0=y : Enable DMA controller 0
System Type -> SPI device driver options
CONFIG_SAMA5_SPI_DMA=y : Use DMA for SPI transfers
CONFIG_SAMA5_SPI_DMATHRESHOLD=4 : Don't DMA for small transfers
Device Drivers -> SPI Driver Support
CONFIG_SPI=y : Enable SPI support
CONFIG_SPI_EXCHANGE=y : Support the exchange method
Device Drivers -> Memory Technology Device (MTD) Support
CONFIG_MTD=y : Enable MTD support
CONFIG_MTD_AT25=y : Enable the AT25 driver
CONFIG_AT25_SPIMODE=0 : Use SPI mode 0
CONFIG_AT25_SPIFREQUENCY=10000000 : Use SPI frequency 10MHz
The AT25 is capable of higher SPI rates than this. I have not experimented
a lot, but at 20MHz, the behavior is not the same with all CM modules. This
lower rate gives more predictable performance.
Application Configuration -> NSH Library
CONFIG_NSH_ARCHINIT=y : NSH board-initialization
Board Selection
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_AT25_BLOCKMOUNT=y : Mounts AT25 for NSH
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_AT25_FTL=y : Create block driver for FAT
NOTE: that you must close JP6 in order to enable the AT25 FLASH chip select.
You can then format the AT25 FLASH for a FAT file system and mount the
file system at /mnt/at25 using these NSH commands:
nsh> mkfatfs /dev/mtdblock0
nsh> mount -t vfat /dev/mtdblock0 /mnt/at25
Then you an use the FLASH as a normal FAT file system:
nsh> echo "This is a test" >/mnt/at25/atest.txt
nsh> ls -l /mnt/at25
/mnt/at25:
-rw-rw-rw- 16 atest.txt
nsh> cat /mnt/at25/atest.txt
This is a test
HSMCI Card Slots
================
Physical Slots
--------------
The SAMA4D4-EK provides a two SD memory card slots: (1) a full size SD
card slot (J10), and (2) a microSD memory card slot (J11).
HSMCI0
------
The full size SD card slot connects via HSMCI0. The card detect discrete
is available on PE5 (pulled high). The write protect discrete is tied to
ground and is not available to software. The slot supports 8-bit wide
transfer mode, but the NuttX driver currently uses only the 4-bit wide
transfer mode
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
SAMA5D4 PIO SIGNAL USAGE
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PC4/SPI0_NPCS1/MCI0_CK/PCK1 PC4 MCI0_CK, ISI_MCK, EXP
PC5/D0/MCI0_CDA PC5 MCI0_CDA, NAND_IO0
PC6/D1/MCI0_DA0 PC6 MCI0_DA0, NAND_IO1
PC7/D2/MCI0_DA1 PC7 MCI0_DA1, NAND_IO2
PC8/D3/MCI0_DA2 PC8 MCI0_DA2, NAND_IO3
PC9/D4/MCI0_DA3 PC9 MCI0_DA3, NAND_IO4
PC10/D5/MCI0_DA4 PC10 MCI0_DA4, NAND_IO5
PC11/D6/MCI0_DA5 PC11 MCI0_DA5, NAND_IO6
PC12/D7/MCI0_DA6 PC12 MCI0_DA6, NAND_IO7
PC13/NRD/NANDOE/MCI0_DA7 PC13 MCI0_DA7, NAND_RE
PE5/A5/CTS3 MCI0_CD_PE5 MCI0_CD
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
HSMCI1
------
The microSD connects vi HSMCI1. The card detect discrete is available on
PE6 (pulled high). NOTE that PE15 must be controlled to provide power
to the HSMCI1 slot (the HSMCI0 slot is always powered).
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
SAMA5D4 PIO SIGNAL USAGE
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
PE14/A14/TCLK1/PWMH3 MCI1_CD_PE14 MCI1_CD Rev C. ???
PE15/A15/SCK3/TIOA0 MCI1_PWR_PE15 MCI1_PWR
PE18/A18/TIOA5/MCI1_CK PE18 MCI1_CK, EXP
PE19/A19/TIOB5/MCI1_CDA PE19 MCI1_CDA, EXP
PE20/A20/TCLK5/MCI1_DA0 PE20 MCI1_DA0, EXP
PE21/A23/TIOA4/MCI1_DA1 PE21 MCI1_DA1, EXP
PE22/A24/TIOB4/MCI1_DA2 PE22 MCI1_DA2, EXP
PE23/A25/TCLK4/MCI1_DA3 PE23 MCI1_DA3, EXP
PE6/A6/TIOA3 MCI1_CD_PE6 MCI1_CD
------------------------------ ------------------- -------------------------
Configuration Settings
----------------------
Enabling HSMCI support. The SAMA4D4-EK provides a two SD memory card
slots: (1) a full size SD card slot (J10), and (2) a microSD memory card
slot (J11). The full size SD card slot connects via HSMCI0; the microSD
connects via HSMCI1. Support for both SD slots can be enabled with the
following settings:
System Type->ATSAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_HSMCI0=y : To enable HSMCI0 support
CONFIG_SAMA5_HSMCI1=y : To enable HSMCI1 support
CONFIG_SAMA5_XDMAC0=y : XDMAC0 is needed by HSMCI0/1
: (HSMCI0 seemds to be secure by default)
System Type
CONFIG_SAMA5_PIO_IRQ=y : PIO interrupts needed
CONFIG_SAMA5_PIOE_IRQ=y : Card detect pins are on PE5 and PE6
Device Drivers -> MMC/SD Driver Support
CONFIG_MMCSD=y : Enable MMC/SD support
CONFIG_MMSCD_NSLOTS=1 : One slot per driver instance
CONFIG_MMCSD_MULTIBLOCK_DISABLE=y : (REVISIT)
CONFIG_MMCSD_HAVECARDDETECT=y : Supports card-detect PIOs
CONFIG_MMCSD_MMCSUPPORT=n : Interferes with some SD cards
CONFIG_MMCSD_SPI=n : No SPI-based MMC/SD support
CONFIG_MMCSD_SDIO=y : SDIO-based MMC/SD support
CONFIG_SDIO_DMA=y : Use SDIO DMA
CONFIG_SDIO_BLOCKSETUP=y : Needs to know block sizes
Library Routines
CONFIG_SCHED_WORKQUEUE=y : Driver needs work queue support
Application Configuration -> NSH Library
CONFIG_NSH_ARCHINIT=y : NSH board-initialization, OR
CONFIG_BOARD_INITIALIZE=y
Using the SD card
-----------------
1) After booting, the HSCMI devices will appear as /dev/mmcsd0
and /dev/mmcsd1.
2) If you try mounting an SD card with nothing in the slot, the
mount will fail:
nsh> mount -t vfat /dev/mmcsd1 /mnt/sd1
nsh: mount: mount failed: 19
NSH can be configured to provide errors as strings instead of
numbers. But in this case, only the error number is reported. The
error numbers can be found in nuttx/include/errno.h:
#define ENODEV 19
#define ENODEV_STR "No such device"
So the mount command is saying that there is no device or, more
correctly, that there is no card in the SD card slot.
3) Inserted the SD card. Then the mount should succeed.
nsh> mount -t vfat /dev/mmcsd1 /mnt/sd1
nsh> ls /mnt/sd1
/mnt/sd1:
atest.txt
nsh> cat /mnt/sd1/atest.txt
This is a test
NOTE: See the next section entitled "Auto-Mounter" for another way
to mount your SD card.
4) Before removing the card, you must umount the file system. This is
equivalent to "ejecting" or "safely removing" the card on Windows: It
flushes any cached data to an SD card and makes the SD card unavailable
to the applications.
nsh> umount -t /mnt/sd1
It is now safe to remove the card. NuttX provides into callbacks
that can be used by an application to automatically unmount the
volume when it is removed. But those callbacks are not used in
these configurations.
Auto-Mounter
============
NuttX implements an auto-mounter than can make working with SD cards
easier. With the auto-mounter, the file system will be automatically
mounted when the SD card is inserted into the HSMCI slot and automatically
unmounted when the SD card is removed.
Here is a sample configuration for the auto-mounter:
File System Configuration
CONFIG_FS_AUTOMOUNTER=y
Board-Specific Options
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_HSMCI0_AUTOMOUNT=y
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_HSMCI0_AUTOMOUNT_FSTYPE="vfat"
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_HSMCI0_AUTOMOUNT_BLKDEV="/dev/mmcsd0"
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_HSMCI0_AUTOMOUNT_MOUNTPOINT="/mnt/sdcard"
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_HSMCI0_AUTOMOUNT_DDELAY=1000
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_HSMCI0_AUTOMOUNT_UDELAY=2000
WARNING: SD cards should never be removed without first unmounting
them. This is to avoid data and possible corruption of the file
system. Certainly this is the case if you are writing to the SD card
at the time of the removal. If you use the SD card for read-only access,
however, then I cannot think of any reason why removing the card without
mounting would be harmful.
USB Ports
=========
The SAMA4D4-EK features three USB communication ports:
* Port A Host High Speed (EHCI) and Full Speed (OHCI) multiplexed with
USB Device High Speed Micro AB connector, J1
* Port B Host High Speed (EHCI) and Full Speed (OHCI) standard type A
connector, J5 upper port
* Port C Host Full Speed (OHCI) and Full Speed (OHCI) standard type A
connector, J5 lower port
The three USB host ports are equipped with 500-mA high-side power
switch for self-powered and bus-powered applications.
The USB device port A (J5) features a VBUS insert detection function.
Port A
------
PIO Signal Name Function
---- -------------- -------------------------------------------------------
PE10 USBA_EN5V_PE10 VBus power enable (via MN2 power switch) to VBus pin of
the OTG connector (host)
PE31 USBA_VBUS_PE31 VBus sensing from the VBus pin of the OTG connector (device)
Port B
------
PIO Signal Name Function
---- -------------- -------------------------------------------------------
PE11 USBB_EN5V_PE11 VBus power enable (via MN4 power switch). To the A1
pin of J5 Dual USB A connector
Port C
------
PIO Signal Name Function
---- -------------- -------------------------------------------------------
PE12 USB_OVCUR_PD9 VBus power enable (via MN4 power switch). To the B1
pin of J5 Dual USB A connector
Both Ports B and C
------------------
PIO Signal Name Function
---- ------------- -------------------------------------------------------
PD9 USB_OVCUR_PD9 Combined over-current indication from port A and B
USB High-Speed Device
=====================
Basic USB High-Speed Device Configuration
-----------------------------------------
Support the USB high-speed device (UDPHS) driver can be enabled with these
NuttX configuration settings.
Device Drivers -> USB Device Driver Support
CONFIG_USBDEV=y : Enable USB device support
CONFIG_USBDEV_DUALSPEED=y : Device support High and Full Speed
CONFIG_USBDEV_DMA=y : Device uses DMA
System Type -> ATSAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_UDPHS=y : Enable UDPHS High Speed USB device
Application Configuration -> NSH Library
CONFIG_NSH_ARCHINIT=y : NSH board-initialization
Mass Storage Class
------------------
The Mass Storage Class (MSC) class driver is selected for use with
UDPHS:
Device Drivers -> USB Device Driver Support
CONFIG_USBMSC=y : Enable the USB MSC class driver
CONFIG_USBMSC_EPBULKOUT=1 : Use EP1 for the BULK OUT endpoint
CONFIG_USBMSC_EPBULKIN=2 : Use EP2 for the BULK IN endpoint
The following setting enables an add-on that can can be used to control
the USB MSC device. It will add two new NSH commands:
a. msconn will connect the USB serial device and export the AT25
to the host, and
b. msdis which will disconnect the USB serial device.
Application Configuration -> System Add-Ons:
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMSC=y : Enable the USBMSC add-on
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMSC_NLUNS=1 : One LUN
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMSC_DEVMINOR1=0 : Minor device zero
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMSC_DEVPATH1="/dev/mtdblock0"
: Use a single, LUN: The AT25
: block driver.
NOTES:
a. To prevent file system corruption, make sure that the AT25 is un-
mounted *before* exporting the mass storage device to the host:
nsh> umount /mnt/at25
nsh> mscon
The AT25 can be re-mounted after the mass storage class is disconnected:
nsh> msdis
nsh> mount -t vfat /dev/mtdblock0 /mnt/at25
b. If you change the value CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMSC_DEVPATH1, then you
can export other file systems:
"/dev/mmcsd1" will export the HSMCI1 microSD
"/dev/mmcsd0" will export the HSMCI0 full-size SD slot
"/dev/ram0" could even be used to export a RAM disk. But you would
first have to use mkrd to create the RAM disk and mkfatfs to put
a FAT file system on it.
CDC/ACM Serial Device Class
---------------------------
This will select the CDC/ACM serial device. Defaults for the other
options should be okay.
Device Drivers -> USB Device Driver Support
CONFIG_CDCACM=y : Enable the CDC/ACM device
CONFIG_CDCACM_BULKIN_REQLEN=768 : Default too small for high-speed
The following setting enables an example that can can be used to control
the CDC/ACM device. It will add two new NSH commands:
a. sercon will connect the USB serial device (creating /dev/ttyACM0), and
b. serdis which will disconnect the USB serial device (destroying
/dev/ttyACM0).
Application Configuration -> Examples:
CONFIG_SYSTEM_CDCACM=y : Enable an CDC/ACM example
Debugging USB Device
--------------------
There is normal console debug output available that can be enabled with
CONFIG_DEBUG + CONFIG_DEBUG_USB. However, USB device operation is very
time critical and enabling this debug output WILL interfere with the
operation of the UDPHS. USB device tracing is a less invasive way to get
debug information: If tracing is enabled, the USB device will save
encoded trace output in in-memory buffer; if the USB monitor is also
enabled, that trace buffer will be periodically emptied and dumped to the
system logging device (the serial console in this configuration):
Device Drivers -> "USB Device Driver Support:
CONFIG_USBDEV_TRACE=y : Enable USB trace feature
CONFIG_USBDEV_TRACE_NRECORDS=256 : Buffer 256 records in memory
CONFIG_USBDEV_TRACE_STRINGS=y : (optional)
Application Configuration -> NSH LIbrary:
CONFIG_NSH_USBDEV_TRACE=n : No builtin tracing from NSH
CONFIG_NSH_ARCHINIT=y : Automatically start the USB monitor
Application Configuration -> System NSH Add-Ons:
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMONITOR=y : Enable the USB monitor daemon
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMONITOR_STACKSIZE=2048 : USB monitor daemon stack size
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMONITOR_PRIORITY=50 : USB monitor daemon priority
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMONITOR_INTERVAL=1 : Dump trace data every second
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMONITOR_TRACEINIT=y : Enable TRACE output
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMONITOR_TRACECLASS=y
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMONITOR_TRACETRANSFERS=y
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMONITOR_TRACECONTROLLER=y
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMONITOR_TRACEINTERRUPTS=y
NOTE: If USB debug output is also enabled, both outputs will appear on the
serial console. However, the debug output will be asynchronous with the
trace output and, hence, difficult to interpret.
USB High-Speed Host
===================
OHCI Only
---------
Support the USB low/full-speed OHCI host driver can be enabled by changing
the NuttX configuration file as follows:
System Type -> ATSAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_UHPHS=y : USB Host High Speed
System Type -> USB High Speed Host driver options
CONFIG_SAMA5_OHCI=y : Low/full-speed OHCI support
: Defaults for values probably OK
Device Drivers
CONFIG_USBHOST=y : Enable USB host support
Device Drivers -> USB Host Driver Support
CONFIG_USBHOST_ISOC_DISABLE=y : Isochronous endpoints not used
CONFIG_USBHOST_MSC=y : Enable the mass storage class driver
CONFIG_USBHOST_HIDKBD=y : Enable the HID keyboard class driver
Library Routines
CONFIG_SCHED_WORKQUEUE=y : Worker thread support is required
Application Configuration -> NSH Library
CONFIG_NSH_ARCHINIT=y : NSH board-initialization
EHCI
----
Support the USB high-speed EHCI host driver can be enabled by changing the
NuttX configuration file as follows. If EHCI is enabled by itself, then
only high-speed devices can be supported. If OHCI is also enabled, then
all low-, full-, and high speed devices will work.
System Type -> ATSAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_UHPHS=y : USB Host High Speed
System Type -> USB High Speed Host driver options
CONFIG_SAMA5_EHCI=y : High-speed EHCI support
CONFIG_SAMA5_OHCI=y : Low/full-speed OHCI support
: Defaults for values probably OK for both
CONFIG_SAMA5_UHPHS_RHPORT1=n : (Reserved for use by USB device)
CONFIG_SAMA5_UHPHS_RHPORT2=y : Enable port B
CONFIG_SAMA5_UHPHS_RHPORT3=y : Enable port C
Device Drivers
CONFIG_USBHOST=y : Enable USB host support
CONFIG_USBHOST_ISOC_DISABLE=y : Isochronous endpoints not needed
Device Drivers -> USB Host Driver Support
CONFIG_USBHOST_ISOC_DISABLE=y : Isochronous endpoints not used
CONFIG_USBHOST_MSC=y : Enable the mass storage class driver
CONFIG_USBHOST_HIDKBD=y : Enable the HID keyboard class driver
Library Routines
CONFIG_SCHED_WORKQUEUE=y : Worker thread support is required
Application Configuration -> NSH Library
CONFIG_NSH_ARCHINIT=y : NSH board-initialization
Mass Storage Device Usage
-------------------------
Example Usage:
NuttShell (NSH) NuttX-6.29
nsh> ls /dev
/dev:
console
mtdblock0
null
ttyS0
Here a USB FLASH stick is inserted. Nothing visible happens in the
shell. But a new device will appear:
nsh> ls /dev
/dev:
console
mtdblock0
null
sda
ttyS0
nsh> mount -t vfat /dev/sda /mnt/sda
nsh> ls -l /mnt/sda
/mnt/sda:
-rw-rw-rw- 8788 viminfo
drw-rw-rw- 0 .Trash-1000/
-rw-rw-rw- 3378 zmodem.patch
-rw-rw-rw- 1503 sz-1.log
-rw-rw-rw- 613 .bashrc
HID Keyboard Usage
------------------
If a (supported) USB keyboard is connected, a /dev/kbda device will appear:
nsh> ls /dev
/dev:
console
kbda
mtdblock0
null
ttyS0
/dev/kbda is a read-only serial device. Reading from /dev/kbda will get
keyboard input as ASCII data (other encodings are possible):
nsh> cat /dev/kbda
Debugging USB Host
------------------
There is normal console debug output available that can be enabled with
CONFIG_DEBUG + CONFIG_DEBUG_USB. However, USB host operation is very time
critical and enabling this debug output might interfere with the operation
of the UDPHS. USB host tracing is a less invasive way to get debug
information: If tracing is enabled, the USB host will save encoded trace
output in in-memory buffer; if the USB monitor is also enabled, that trace
buffer will be periodically emptied and dumped to the system logging device
(the serial console in this configuration):
Device Drivers -> "USB Host Driver Support:
CONFIG_USBHOST_TRACE=y : Enable USB host trace feature
CONFIG_USBHOST_TRACE_NRECORDS=256 : Buffer 256 records in memory
CONFIG_USBHOST_TRACE_VERBOSE=y : Buffer everything
Application Configuration -> NSH LIbrary:
CONFIG_NSH_USBDEV_TRACE=n : No builtin tracing from NSH
CONFIG_NSH_ARCHINIT=y : Automatically start the USB monitor
Application Configuration -> System NSH Add-Ons:
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMONITOR=y : Enable the USB monitor daemon
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMONITOR_STACKSIZE=2048 : USB monitor daemon stack size
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMONITOR_PRIORITY=50 : USB monitor daemon priority
CONFIG_SYSTEM_USBMONITOR_INTERVAL=1 : Dump trace data every second
NOTE: If USB debug output is also enabled, both outpus will appear on the
serial console. However, the debug output will be asynchronous with the
trace output and, hence, difficult to interpret.
SDRAM Support
=============
SRAM Heap Configuration
-----------------------
In these configurations, .data and .bss are retained in ISRAM. SDRAM can
be initialized and included in the heap. Relevant configuration settings:
System Type->ATSAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_MPDDRC=y : Enable the DDR controller
System Type->External Memory Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS=y : Tell the system that DRAM is at the DDR CS
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS_SIZE=268435456 : 2Gb DRAM -> 256MB
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS_LPDDR2=y : Its DDR2
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_MT47H128M16RT=y : This is the type of DDR2
System Type->Heap Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS_HEAP=y : Add the SDRAM to the heap
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS_HEAP_OFFSET=0
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS_HEAP_SIZE=268435456
Memory Management
CONFIG_MM_REGIONS=2 : Two heap memory regions: ISRAM and SDRAM
RAM Test
--------
Another thing you could do is to enable the RAM test built-in application.
You can enable the NuttX RAM test that may be used to verify the external
SDRAM. To do this, keep the SDRAM out of the heap so that it can be tested
without crashing programs using the memory:
System Type->Heap Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS_HEAP=n : Don't add the SDRAM to the heap
Memory Management
CONFIG_MM_REGIONS=1 : One memory regions: ISRAM
Then enable the RAM test built-in application:
Application Configuration->System NSH Add-Ons->Ram Test
CONFIG_SYSTEM_RAMTEST=y
In this configuration, the SDRAM is not added to heap and so is not
accessable to the applications. So the RAM test can be freely executed
against the SRAM memory beginning at address 0x2000:0000 (DDR CS):
nsh> ramtest -h
Usage: <noname> [-w|h|b] <hex-address> <decimal-size>
Where:
<hex-address> starting address of the test.
<decimal-size> number of memory locations (in bytes).
-w Sets the width of a memory location to 32-bits.
-h Sets the width of a memory location to 16-bits (default).
-b Sets the width of a memory location to 8-bits.
To test the entire external 256MB SRAM:
nsh> ramtest -w 20000000 268435456
RAMTest: Marching ones: 20000000 268435456
RAMTest: Marching zeroes: 20000000 268435456
RAMTest: Pattern test: 20000000 268435456 55555555 aaaaaaaa
RAMTest: Pattern test: 20000000 268435456 66666666 99999999
RAMTest: Pattern test: 20000000 268435456 33333333 cccccccc
RAMTest: Address-in-address test: 20000000 268435456
SDRAM Data Configuration
------------------------
In these configurations, .data and .bss are retained in ISRAM by default.
.data and .bss can also be retained in SDRAM using these slightly
different configuration settings. In this configuration, ISRAM is
used only for the Cortex-A5 page table for the IDLE thread stack.
System Type->ATSAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_MPDDRC=y : Enable the DDR controller
System Type->External Memory Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS=y : Tell the system that DRAM is at the DDR CS
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS_SIZE=268435456 : 2Gb DRAM -> 256GB
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS_LPDDR2=y : Its DDR2
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_MT47H128M16RT=y : This is the type of DDR2
System Type->Heap Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_ISRAM_HEAP=n : These do not apply in this case
CONFIG_SAMA5_DCRS_HEAP=n
System Type->Boot Memory Configuration
CONFIG_RAM_START=0x20000000 : Physical address of SDRAM
CONFIG_RAM_VSTART=0x20000000 : Virtual address of SDRAM
CONFIG_RAM_SIZE=268435456 : Size of SDRAM
CONFIG_BOOT_SDRAM_DATA=y : Data is in SDRAM
Care must be used applied these RAM locations; graphics
configurations may use SDRAM in an incompatible way to set aside
LCD framebuffers.
Memory Management
CONFIG_MM_REGIONS=1 : One heap memory region: ISDRAM
NAND Support
============
NAND support is only partial in that there is no file system that works
with it properly. Lower-level NAND support has been developed and
verified, but there is no way to use it in the current NuttX architecture
other than through the raw MTD interface.
NAND should still be considered a work in progress. You will not want to
use NAND unless you are interested in investing a little effort,
particularly in infrastructure. See the "STATUS SUMMARY" section below.
NAND Support
------------
NAND Support can be added to the NSH configuration by modifying the
NuttX configuration file as follows:
Build Setup
CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL=y : NXFFS implementation is incomplete and
: not yet fully functional.
System Type -> SAMA5 Peripheral support
CONFIG_SAMA5_HSMC=y : Make sure that the SMC is enabled
Drivers -> Memory Technology Device (MTD) Support
CONFIG_MTD=y : Enable MTD support
CONFIG_MTD_NAND=y : Enable NAND support
CONFIG_MTD_NAND_BLOCKCHECK=n : Interferes with NXFFS bad block checking
CONFIG_MTD_NAND_SWECC=y : Use S/W ECC calculation
Defaults for all other NAND settings should be okay
System Type -> External Memory Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_EBICS3=y : Enable External CS3 memory
CONFIG_SAMA5_EBICS3_NAND=y : Select NAND memory type
CONFIG_SAMA5_EBICS3_SIZE=8388608 : Use this size
CONFIG_SAMA5_EBICS3_SWECC=y : Use S/W ECC calculation
Defaults for ROM page table addresses should be okay
Application Configuration -> NSH Library
CONFIG_NSH_ARCHINIT=y : Use architecture-specific initialization
NOTES:
1. WARNING: This will wipe out everything that you may have on the NAND
FLASH! I have found that using the JTAG with no valid image on NAND
or Serial FLASH is a problem: In that case, the code always ends up
in the SAM-BA bootloader.
My understanding is that you can enable JTAG in this case by simply
entering any data on the DBG serial port. I have not tried this.
Instead, I just changed to boot from Serial Flash:
2. Unfortunately, there are no appropriate NAND file system in NuttX as
of this writing. The following sections discussion issues/problems
with using NXFFS and FAT.
PMECC
-----
Hardware ECC calculation using the SAMA5D4's PMECC can be enable as
follows:
Drivers -> Memory Technology Device (MTD) Support
CONFIG_MTD_NAND_SWECC=y : Don't use S/W ECC calculation
CONFIG_MTD_NAND_HWECC=y : Use H/W ECC instead
System Type -> External Memory Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_EBICS3_SWECC=n : Don't use S/W ECC calculation
CONFIG_SAMA5_HAVE_PMECC=n : Use H/W ECC instead
Other PMECC-related default settings should be okay.
STATUS: As of the writing, NAND transfers using PMECC appear to
work correctly. However, the PMECC based systems do not work as
as well with FAT or NXFFS. My belief that that the FAT/NXFFS layers
are inappropriate for NAND and, as a result, happen not to work with
the PMECC ECC calculation. See also the "STATUS SUMMARY" section below.
DMA Support
-----------
DMA support can be enabled as follows:
System Type -> SAMA5 Peripheral support
CONFIG_SAMA5_DMAC0=y : Use DMAC0 for memory-to-memory DMA
System Type -> External Memory Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_NAND_DMA=y : Use DMAC0 for NAND data transfers
STATUS: DMA appears to be functional, but probably has not been
exercised enough to claim that with any certainty. See also the "STATUS
SUMMARY" section below.
NXFFS
-----
The NuttX FLASH File System (NXFFS) works well with NOR-like FLASH
but does not work well with NAND (See comments below under STATUS)
File Systems:
CONFIG_FS_NXFFS=y : Enable the NXFFS file system
Defaults for all other NXFFS settings should be okay.
NOTE: NXFFS will require some significant buffering because of
the large size of the NAND flash blocks. You will also need
to enable SDRAM as described above.
Board Selection
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_NAND_BLOCKMOUNT=y : Enable FS support on NAND
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_NAND_NXFFS=y : Use the NXFFS file system
Other file systems are not recommended because only NXFFS can handle
bad blocks and only NXFFS performs wear-levelling.
FAT
---
Another option is FAT. FAT, however, is not appropriate for use with
NAND: FAT will not handle bad blocks, does not perform any wear
levelling, and may not conform to writing ordering requirements of NAND.
Also, there appear to be issues with FAT when PMECC is enabled (see
"STATUS SUMMARY" below).
File Systems:
CONFIG_FS_FAT=y : Enable the FAT FS
CONFIG_FAT_LCNAMES=y : With lower case name support
CONFIG_FAT_LFN=y : And (patented) FAT long file name support
CONFIG_FS_NXFFS=n : Don't need NXFFS
Defaults for all other NXFFS settings should be okay.
Board Selection
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_NAND_BLOCKOMOUNT=y : Enable FS support on NAND
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_NAND_FTL=y : Use an flash translation layer
NOTE: FTL will require some significant buffering because of
the large size of the NAND flash blocks. You will also need
to enable SDRAM as described above.
SMART FS
--------
Another option is Smart FS. Smart FS is another small file system
designed to work with FLASH. Properties: It does support some wear-
leveling like NXFFS, but like FAT, cannot handle bad blocks and like
NXFFS, it will try to re-write erased bits.
Using NAND with NXFFS
---------------------
With the options CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_NAND_BLOCKMOUNT=y and
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_NAND_NXFFS=y, the NAND FLASH will be mounted in the NSH
start-up logic before the NSH prompt appears. There is no feedback as
to whether or not the mount was successful. You can, however, see the
mounted file systems using the nsh 'mount' command:
nsh> mount
/mnt/nand type nxffs
Then NAND can be used like any other file system:
nsh> echo "This is a test" >/mnt/nand/atest.txt
nsh> ls -l /mnt/nand
/mnt/nand:
---x--x--x 16 atest.txt
nsh> cat /mnt/nand/atest.txt
This is a test
The NAND volume can be un-mounted with this comment:
nsh> umount /mnt/nand
nsh> mount
And re-mounted with this command:
nsh> mount -t nxffs /mnt/mystuff
nsh> mount
/mnt/mystuff type nxffs
NOTES:
1. NXFFS can be very slow. The first time that you start the system,
be prepared for a wait; NXFFS will need to format the NAND volume.
I have lots of debug on so I don't yet know what the optimized wait
will be. But with debug ON, software ECC, and no DMA the wait is
in many tens of minutes (and substantially longer if many debug
options are enabled.
[I don't yet have data for the more optimal cases. It will be
significantly less, but still not fast.]
2. On subsequent boots, after the NXFFS file system has been created
the delay will be less. When the new file system is empty, it will
be very fast. But the NAND-related boot time can become substantial
when there has been a lot of usage of the NAND. This is because
NXFFS needs to scan the NAND device and build the in-memory dataset
needed to access NAND and there is more that must be scanned after
the device has been used. You may want to create a separate thread at
boot time to bring up NXFFS so that you don't delay the boot-to-prompt
time excessively in these longer delay cases.
3. There is another NXFFS related performance issue: When the FLASH
is fully used, NXFFS will restructure the entire FLASH, the delay
to restructure the entire FLASH will probably be even larger. This
solution in this case is to implement an NXFSS clean-up daemon that
does the job a little-at-a-time so that there is no massive clean-up
when the FLASH becomes full.
4. Bad NXFFS behavior with NAND: If you restart NuttX, the files that
you wrote to NAND will be gone. Why? Because the multiple writes
have corrupted the NAND ECC bits. See STATUS below. NXFFS would
require a major overhaul to be usable with NAND.
Using NAND with FAT
-------------------
If configured for FAT, the system will create block driver at
/dev/mtdblock0:
NuttShell (NSH)
nsh> ls /dev
/dev:
console
mtdblock0
null
ttyS0
You will not that the system comes up immediately because there is not
need to scan the volume in this case..
The NSH 'mkfatfs' command can be used to format a FAT file system on
NAND.
nsh> mkfatfs /dev/mtdblock0
This step, on the other hand, requires quite a bit of time.
And the FAT file system can be mounted like:
nsh> mount -t vfat /dev/mtdblock0 /mnt/nand
nsh> ls /mnt/nand
/mnt/nand:
nsh> echo "This is a test" > /mnt/nand/atest.txt
NOTE: This will take a long time because it will require reading,
modifying, and re-writing the 128KB erase page!
nsh> ls -l /mnt/nand
/mnt/nand:
-rw-rw-rw- 16 atest.txt
nsh> cat /mnt/fat/atest.txt
This is a test
NOTES:
1. Unlike NXFFS, FAT can work with NAND (at least with PMECC disabled).
But there are some significant issues.
2. First, each NAND write access will cause a 256KB data transfer: It
will read the entire 128KB erase block, modify it and write it back
to memory. There is some caching logic so that this cached erase
block can be re-used if possible and writes will be deferred as long
as possible.
3. If you hit a bad block, then FAT is finished. There is no mechanism
in place in FAT not to mark and skip over bad blocks.
What is Needed
--------------
What is needed to work with FAT properly would be another MTD layer
between the FTL layer and the NAND FLASH layer. That layer would
perform bad block detection and sparing so that FAT works transparently
on top of the NAND.
Another, less general, option would be support bad blocks within FAT.
STATUS SUMMARY
--------------
1. PMECC appears to be working in that I can write a NAND block with its
ECC and read the block back and verify that that is are no bit
failures. However, when attempting to work with FAT, it does not
work correctly: The MBR is written and read back correctly, but gets
corrupted later for unknown reasons.
2. DMA works (at least with software ECC), but I have seen occasional
failures. I recommend enabling DMA with caution.
In NuttX, DMA will also cost two context switches (and, hence, four
register state transfers). With smaller NAND page sizes (say 2KiB and
below), I would expect little or no performance improvement with DMA
for this reason.
3. NXFFS does not work with NAND. NAND differs from other other FLASH
types several ways. For one thing, NAND requires error correction
(ECC) bytes that must be set in order to work around bit failures.
This affects NXFFS in two ways:
a. First, write failures are not fatal. Rather, they should be tried by
bad blocks and simply ignored. This is because unrecoverable bit
failures will cause read failures when reading from NAND. Setting
the CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL+CONFIG_NXFFS_NANDs option will enable this
behavior.
b. Secondly, NXFFS will write a block many times. It tries to keep
bits in the erased state and assumes that it can overwrite those bits
to change them from the erased to the non-erased state. This works
will with NOR-like FLASH. NAND behaves this way too. But the
problem with NAND is that the ECC bits cannot be re-written in this
way. So once a block has been written, it cannot be modified. This
behavior has NOT been fixed in NXFFS. Currently, NXFFS will attempt
to re-write the ECC bits causing the ECC to become corrupted because
the ECC bits cannot be overwritten without erasing the entire block.
This may prohibit NXFFS from ever being used with NAND.
4. As mentioned above, FAT does work but (1) has some performance issues on
writes and (2) cannot handle bad blocks.
I2C Tool
========
I2C Tool. NuttX supports an I2C tool at apps/system/i2c that can be used
to peek and poke I2C devices. That tool can be enabled by setting the
following:
System Type -> SAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_TWI0=y : Enable TWI0
CONFIG_SAMA5_TWI1=y : Enable TWI1
CONFIG_SAMA5_TWI2=y : Enable TWI2
System Type -> TWI device driver options
SAMA5_TWI0_FREQUENCY=100000 : Select a TWI0 frequency (default)
SAMA5_TWI1_FREQUENCY=100000 : Select a TWI1 frequency (default)
SAMA5_TWI2_FREQUENCY=100000 : Select a TWI2 frequency (default)
Device Drivers -> I2C Driver Support
CONFIG_I2C=y : Enable I2C support
CONFIG_I2C_TRANSFER=y : Driver supports the transfer() method
CONFIG_I2C_WRITEREAD=y : Driver supports the writeread() method
Application Configuration -> NSH Library
CONFIG_SYSTEM_I2CTOOL=y : Enable the I2C tool
CONFIG_I2CTOOL_MINBUS=0 : TWI0 has the minimum bus number 0
CONFIG_I2CTOOL_MAXBUS=2 : TWI2 has the maximum bus number 2
CONFIG_I2CTOOL_DEFFREQ=100000 : Pick a consistent frequency
The I2C tool has extensive help that can be accessed as follows:
nsh> i2c help
Usage: i2c <cmd> [arguments]
Where <cmd> is one of:
Show help : ?
List busses : bus
List devices : dev [OPTIONS] <first> <last>
Read register : get [OPTIONS] [<repititions>]
Show help : help
Write register: set [OPTIONS] <value> [<repititions>]
Verify access : verf [OPTIONS] [<value>] [<repititions>]
Where common "sticky" OPTIONS include:
[-a addr] is the I2C device address (hex). Default: 03 Current: 03
[-b bus] is the I2C bus number (decimal). Default: 0 Current: 0
[-r regaddr] is the I2C device register address (hex). Default: 00 Current: 00
[-w width] is the data width (8 or 16 decimal). Default: 8 Current: 8
[-s|n], send/don't send start between command and data. Default: -n Current: -n
[-i|j], Auto increment|don't increment regaddr on repititions. Default: NO Current: NO
[-f freq] I2C frequency. Default: 100000 Current: 100000
NOTES:
o Arguments are "sticky". For example, once the I2C address is
specified, that address will be re-used until it is changed.
WARNING:
o The I2C dev command may have bad side effects on your I2C devices.
Use only at your own risk.
As an example, the I2C dev comman can be used to list all devices
responding on TWI0 (the default) like this:
nsh> i2c dev 0x03 0x77
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f
00: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
10: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1b -- -- -- --
20: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
30: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
40: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4c -- -- --
50: 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5b -- -- -- --
60: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
70: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
nsh>
Addresses 0x1b, 0x4c, and 0x50 are devices on the TM7000 module.
0x5b is the address of the on-board PMIC chip.
SAMA5 ADC Support
=================
Basic driver configuration
--------------------------
ADC support can be added to the NSH configuration. However, there are no
ADC input pins available to the user for ADC testing (the touchscreen ADC
inputs are intended for other functionality). Because of this, there is
not much motivation to enable ADC support on the SAMA4D4-EK. This
paragraph is included here, however, for people using a custom SAMA5D4x
board that requires ADC support.
System Type -> SAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_ADC=y : Enable ADC driver support
CONFIG_SAMA5_TC0=y : Enable the Timer/counter library need for periodic sampling
Drivers
CONFIG_ANALOG=y : Should be automatically selected
CONFIG_ADC=y : Should be automatically selected
System Type -> ADC Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_ADC_CHAN0=y : These settings enable the sequencer to collect
CONFIG_SAMA5_ADC_CHAN1=y : Samples from ADC channels 0-3 on each trigger
CONFIG_SAMA5_ADC_CHAN2=y
CONFIG_SAMA5_ADC_CHAN3=y
CONFIG_SAMA5_ADC_SEQUENCER=y
CONFIG_SAMA5_ADC_TIOA0TRIG=y : Trigger on the TC0, channel 0 output A
CONFIG_SAMA5_ADC_TIOAFREQ=2 : At a frequency of 2Hz
CONFIG_SAMA5_ADC_TIOA_RISING=y : Trigger on the rising edge
Default ADC settings (like gain and offset) may also be set if desired.
System Type -> Timer/counter Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_TC0_TIOA0=y : Should be automatically selected
Work queue supported is also needed:
Library routines
CONFIG_SCHED_WORKQUEUE=y
ADC Test Example
----------------
For testing purposes, there is an ADC program at apps/examples/adc that
will collect a specified number of samples. This test program can be
enabled as follows:
Application Configuration -> Examples -> ADC example
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_ADC=y : Enables the example code
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_ADC_DEVPATH="/dev/adc0"
Other default settings for the ADC example should be okay.
ADC DMA Support
---------------
At 2Hz, DMA is not necessary nor desire-able. The ADC driver has support
for DMA transfers of converted data (although that support has not been
tested as of this writing). DMA support can be added by include the
following in the configuration.
System Type -> SAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_DMAC1=y : Enable DMAC1 support
System Type -> ADC Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_ADC_DMA=y : Enable ADC DMA transfers
CONFIG_SAMA5_ADC_DMASAMPLES=2 : Collect two sets of samples per DMA
Drivers -> Analog device (ADC/DAC) support
CONFIG_ADC_FIFOSIZE=16 : Driver may need a large ring buffer
Application Configuration -> Examples -> ADC example
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_ADC_GROUPSIZE=16 : Larger buffers in the test
SAMA5 PWM Support
=================
Basic driver configuration
--------------------------
PWM support can be added to the NSH configuration. However, there are no
PWM output pins available to the user for PWM testing. Because of this,
there is not much motivation to enable PWM support on the SAMA4D4-EK. This
paragraph is included here, however, for people using a custom SAMA5D4x
board that requires PWM support.
Basic driver configuration:
System Type -> SAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM=y : Enable PWM driver support
Drivers
CONFIG_PWM=y : Should be automatically selected
PWM Channel/Output Selection
----------------------------
In order to use the PWM, you must enable one or more PWM Channels:
System Type -> PWM Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CHAN0=y : Enable one or more of channels 0-3
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CHAN1=y
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CHAN2=y
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CHAN3=y
For each channel that is enabled, you must also specify the output pins
to be enabled and the clocking supplied to the PWM channel.
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CHANx_FAULTINPUT=n : (not used currently)
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CHANx_OUTPUTH=y : Enable One of both of the H and L output pins
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CHANx_OUTPUTL=y
Where x=0..3.
Care must be taken because all PWM output pins conflict with some other
usage of the pin by other devices. Furthermore, many of these pins have
not been brought out to an external connector:
-----+---+---+----+------+----------------
PWM PIN PER PIO I/O CONFLICTS
-----+---+---+----+------+----------------
PWM0 FI B PC28 J2.30 SPI1, ISI
H B PB0 --- GMAC
B PA20 J1.14 LCDC, ISI
L B PB1 --- GMAC
B PA21 J1.16 LCDC, ISI
-----+---+---+----+------+----------------
PWM1 FI B PC31 J2.36 HDMI
H B PB4 --- GMAC
B PA22 J1.18 LCDC, ISI
L B PB5 --- GMAC
B PE31 J3.20 ISI, HDMI
B PA23 J1.20 LCDC, ISI
-----+---+---+----+------+----------------
PWM2 FI B PC29 J2.29 UART0, ISI, HDMI
H C PD5 --- HSMCI0
B PB8 --- GMAC
L C PD6 --- HSMCI0
B PB9 --- GMAC
-----+---+---+----+------+----------------
PWM3 FI C PD16 --- SPI0, Audio
H C PD7 --- HSMCI0
B PB12 J3.7 GMAC
L C PD8 --- HSMCI0
B PB13 --- GMAC
-----+---+---+----+--------------------
See configs/sama5d4-ek/include/board.h for all of the default PWM
pin selections. I used PWM channel 0, pins PA20 and PA21 for testing.
Clocking is addressed in the next paragraph.
PWM Clock Configuration
-----------------------
PWM Channels can be clocked from either a coarsely divided divided down
MCK or from a custom frequency from PWM CLKA and/or CLKB. If you want
to use CLKA or CLKB, you must enable and configure them.
System Type -> PWM Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CLKA=y
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CLKA_FREQUENCY=3300
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CLKB=y
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CLKB_FREQUENCY=3300
Then for each of the enabled, channels you must select the input clock
for that channel:
System Type -> PWM Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CHANx_CLKA=y : Pick one of MCK, CLKA, or CLKB (only)
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CHANx_CLKB=y
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CHANx_MCK=y
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM_CHANx_MCKDIV=128 : If MCK is selected, then the MCK divider must
: also be provided (1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128,256,512, or 1024).
PWM Test Example
----------------
For testing purposes, there is an PWM program at apps/examples/pwm that
will collect a specified number of samples. This test program can be
enabled as follows:
Application Configuration -> Examples -> PWM example
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_PWM=y : Enables the example code
Other default settings for the PWM example should be okay.
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_PWM_DEVPATH="/dev/pwm0"
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_PWM_FREQUENCY=100
Usage of the example is straightforward:
nsh> pwm -h
Usage: pwm [OPTIONS]
Arguments are "sticky". For example, once the PWM frequency is
specified, that frequency will be re-used until it is changed.
"sticky" OPTIONS include:
[-p devpath] selects the PWM device. Default: /dev/pwm0 Current: /dev/pwm0
[-f frequency] selects the pulse frequency. Default: 100 Hz Current: 100 Hz
[-d duty] selects the pulse duty as a percentage. Default: 50 % Current: 50 %
[-t duration] is the duration of the pulse train in seconds. Default: 5 Current: 5
[-h] shows this message and exits
RTC
===
The Real Time Clock/Calendar RTC) may be enabled with these settings:
System Type:
CONFIG_SAMA5_RTC=y : Enable the RTC driver
Drivers (these values will be selected automatically):
CONFIG_RTC=y : Use the RTC for system time
CONFIG_RTC_DATETIME=y : RTC supports data/time
NOTE: If you want the RTC to preserve time over power cycles, you will
need to install a battery in the battery holder (J12) and close the jumper,
JP13.
You can set the RTC using the NSH date command:
NuttShell (NSH) NuttX-7.3
nsh> help date
date usage: date [-s "MMM DD HH:MM:SS YYYY"]
nsh> date
Jan 01 00:34:45 2012
nsh> date -s "JUN 29 7:30:00 2014"
nsh> date
Jun 29 07:30:01 2014
After a power cycle and reboot:
NuttShell (NSH) NuttX-7.3
nsh> date
Jun 29 07:30:55 2014
nsh>
The RTC also supports an alarm that may be enable with the following
settings. However, there is nothing in the system that currently makes
use of this alarm.
Drivers:
CONFIG_RTC_ALARM=y : Enable the RTC alarm
Library Routines
CONFIG_SCHED_WORKQUEUE=y : Alarm needs work queue support
Watchdog Timer
==============
NSH can be configured to exercise the watchdog timer test
(apps/examples/watchdog). This can be selected with the following
settings in the NuttX configuration file:
System Type:
CONFIG_SAMA5_WDT=y : Enable the WDT peripheral
: Defaults values for others settings
should be OK
Drivers (this will automatically be selected):
CONFIG_WATCHDOG=y : Enables watchdog timer driver support
Application Configuration -> Examples
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_WATCHDOG=y : Enable apps/examples/watchdog
The WDT timer is driven off the slow, 32768Hz clock divided by 128. As a
result, the watchdog a maximum timeout value of 16 seconds. The SAMA5 WDT
may also only be programmed one time; the processor must be reset before
the WDT can be reprogrammed.
The SAMA5 always boots with the watchdog timer enabled at its maximum
timeout (16 seconds). In the normal case where no watchdog timer driver
has been configured, the watchdog timer is disabled as part of the start
up logic. But, since we are permitted only one opportunity to program
the WDT, we cannot disable the watchdog time if CONFIG_SAMA5_WDT=y. So,
be forewarned: You have only 16 seconds to run your watchdog timer test!
NOTE: If you are using the dramboot program to run from DRAM as I did,
beware that the default version also disables the watchdog. You will
need a special version of dramboot with CONFIG_SAMA5_WDT=y.
TRNG and /dev/random
====================
NSH can be configured to enable the SAMA5 TRNG peripheral so that it
provides /dev/random. The following configuration will enable the TRNG,
and support for /dev/random:
System Type:
CONFIG_SAMA5_TRNG=y : Enable the TRNG peripheral
Drivers:
CONFIG_DEV_RANDOM=y : Enable /dev/random
A simple test of /dev/random is available at apps/examples/random and
can be enabled as a NSH application via the following additional
configuration settings:
Applications -> Examples
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_RANDOM=y : Enable apps/examples/random
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_MAXSAMPLES=64 : Default settings are probably OK
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NSAMPLES=8
Audio Support
==============
WM8904 CODEC
------------
The SAMA4D4-EK has two devices on-board that can be used for verification
of I2S functionality: HDMI and a WM8904 audio CODEC. As of this writing,
the I2S driver is present, but there are not drivers for either the HDMI
or the WM8904.
WM8904 Audio CODEC Interface:
---- ------------------ ---------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------
PIO USAGE BOARD SIGNAL WM8904 PIN NOTE
---- ------------------ ---------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------
PA30 TWD0 AUDIO_TWD0_PA30 3 SDA Pulled up, See JP23 note below
PA31 TWCK0 AUDIO_TWCK0_PA31 2 SCLK Pulled up
PB10 AUDIO_PCK2/EXP AUDIO_PCK2_PB10 28 MCLK
PB27 AUDIO/HDMI_TK0/EXP AUDIO_TK0_PB27 29 BCLK/GPIO4 Note TK0 and RK0 are mutually exclusive
PB26 AUDIO_RK0 AUDIO_RK0_PB26 29 " "/" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "
PB30 AUDIO_RF/ZIG_TWCK2 AUDIO_RF0_PB30 30 LRCLK Note TF0 and RF0 are mutually exclusive
PB31 AUDIO/HDMI_TF0/EXP AUDIO_TF0_PB31 30 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "
PB29 AUDIO_RD0/ZIG_TWD2 AUDIO_RD0_PB29 31 ADCDAT
PB28 AUDIO/HDMI_TD0/EXP AUDIO_TD0_PB28 32 ACDAT
PE4 AUDIO_IRQ AUDIO_IRQ_PE4 1 IRQ/GPIO1 Audio interrupt
---- ------------------ ---------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------
Note that jumper JP23 must be closed to connect AUDIO_TWD0_PA30 (Rev C. only)
WM8904 Configuration
--------------------
System Type -> SAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_XDMAC0=y : XDMAC0 required by SSC0
CONFIG_SAMA5_TWI0=y : Enable TWI0 driver support
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSCO=y : Enable SSC0 driver support
System Type -> SSC0 Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5D4_MB_REVE=y : No WM8904 for Rev C version of the board
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC_MAXINFLIGHT=16
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC0_DATALEN=16
Device Drivers -> I2C Driver Support
CONFIG_I2C=y : Enable I2C support
CONFIG_I2C_TRANSFER=y : Support the transfer method
CONFIG_I2C_RESET=n : (Maybe y, if you have bus problems)
System Type -> SSC Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC_MAXINFLIGHT=16 : Up to 16 pending DMA transfers
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC0_DATALEN=16 : 16-bit data
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC0_RX=y : Support a receiver (although it is not used!)
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC0_RX_RKINPUT=y : Receiver gets clock the RK0 input
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC0_RX_FSLEN=1 : Minimal frame sync length
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC0_RX_STTDLY=1 : Start delay
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC0_TX=y : Support a transmitter
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC0_TX_RXCLK=y : Transmitter gets clock the RXCLCK
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC0_TX_FSLEN=0 : Disable frame synch generation
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC0_TX_STTDLY=1 : Start delay
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC0_TX_TKOUTPUT_NONE=y : No output
Audio Support
CONFIG_AUDIO=y : Audio support needed
CONFIG_AUDIO_FORMAT_PCM=y : Only PCM files are supported
CONFIG_AUDIO_NUM_BUFFERS=8 : Number of audio buffers
CONFIG_AUDIO_BUFFER_NUMBYTES=8192 : Audio buffer size
Drivers -> Audio
CONFIG_I2S=y : General I2S support
CONFIG_AUDIO_DEVICES=y : Audio device support
CONFIG_AUDIO_WM8904=y : Build WM8904 driver character driver
Board Selection
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_WM8904_I2CFREQUENCY=400000
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_WM8904_SRCMAIN=y : WM8904 MCLK is the SAMA5D Main Clock
Library Routines
CONFIG_SCHED_WORKQUEUE=y : MW8904 driver needs work queue support
I2S Loopback Test
-----------------
The I2S driver was verified using a special I2C character driver (at
nuttx/drivers/audio/i2schar.c) and a test driver at apps/examples/i2schar.
The I2S driver was verified in loopback mode with no audio device. That
test case has never been exercised on the SAMA454-EK. See the README.txt
file at SAMA5D4-EK for information about how you might implement this test
for the SAMA5D4-EK.
The NxPlayer
------------
The NxPlayer is a audio library and command line application for playing
audio file. The NxPlayer can be found at apps/system/nxplayer. If you
would like to add the NxPlayer, here are some recommended configuration
settings.
First of all, the NxPlayer depends on the NuttX audio subsystem. See the
"WM8904 Configuration" above for an example of how the audio subsystem is
configured to use the WM8904 CODED with PCM decoding. Or, for testing
purposes, here is how might want to configure NULL, do-nothing audio
device:
Audio Support ->
CONFIG_AUDIO=y
CONFIG_AUDIO_NUM_BUFFERS=4
CONFIG_AUDIO_BUFFER_NUMBYTES=8192
CONFIG_AUDIO_FORMAT_PCM=y
CONFIG_AUDIO_NULL=y
CONFIG_AUDIO_NULL_BUFFER_SIZE=8192
CONFIG_AUDIO_NULL_MSG_PRIO=1
CONFIG_AUDIO_NULL_WORKER_STACKSIZE=768
Then the NxPlayer can be enabled as follows:
System Libraries and NSH Add-Ons -> NxPlayer media player / command line ->
CONFIG_SYSTEM_NXPLAYER=y : Build the NxPlayer library
CONFIG_NXPLAYER_PLAYTHREAD_STACKSIZE=1500 : Size of the audio player stack
CONFIG_NXPLAYER_COMMAND_LINE=y : Build command line application
CONFIG_NXPLAYER_INCLUDE_HELP=y : Includes a help command
CONFIG_NXPLAYER_INCLUDE_DEVICE_SEARCH=n : (Since there is only one audio device)
CONFIG_NXPLAYER_INCLUDE_PREFERRED_DEVICE=y : Only one audio device is supported
CONFIG_NXPLAYER_FMT_FROM_EXT=y : (Since only PCM is supported)
CONFIG_NXPLAYER_FMT_FROM_HEADER=n : (Since only PCM is supported)
CONFIG_NXPLAYER_INCLUDE_MEDIADIR=y : Specify a media directory
CONFIG_NXPLAYER_DEFAULT_MEDIADIR="/mnt/sdcard" : See below
CONFIG_NXPLAYER_RECURSIVE_MEDIA_SEARCH=y : Search all sub-directories
CONFIG_NXPLAYER_INCLUDE_SYSTEM_RESET=y : Add support for reset command
You must include the full path to the location where NxPlayer can find the
media files. That path is given by CONFIG_NXPLAYER_DEFAULT_MEDIADIR.
Here I use the example "/mnt/scard". That is a location where you could,
for example, mount an MMC/SD card driver.
TM7000 LCD/Touchscreen
======================
The TM7000 LCD is available for the SAMA5D4-EK. See documentation
available on the Precision Design Associates website:
http://www.pdaatl.com/doc/tm7000.pdf
The TM7000 features:
- 7 inch LCD at 800x480 18-bit RGB resolution and white backlight
- Projected Capacitive Multi-Touch Controller based on the Atmel
MXT768E maXTouch� IC
- 4 Capacitive �Navigation� Keys available via an Atmel AT42QT1070
QTouch� Button Sensor IC
- 200 bytes of non-volatile serial EEPROM
NOTE: It appears that my TM7000 differs slightly from the version
described in the tm7000.pdf file: That document claims that the
hardware interface to the LCD is 18-bit RGB666; but the one that
I have is certainly 24-bit RGB888. If you have LCD issues, you may
need to tweak some of the settings in configs/sama5d4-ek/include/board.h.
Jumper JP2 selects either the EMAC1 or the LCD by controlling the
the LCD_ETH1_CONFIG signal on the board.
- JP2 open, LCD_ETH1_CONFIG pulled high:
LCD_ETH1_CONFIG=1: LCD 5v enable(LCD_DETECT#=0); ETH1 disable
- JP2 closed, LCD_ETH1_CONFIG grounded:
LCD_ETH1_CONFIG=0: LCD 5v disable; ETH1 enable
LCD Connector
-------------
------------------------- ----------------------- --------
SAMA5D4-EK TM7000 FUNCTION
------------------------- ----------------------- --------
LCD_PE24 J9 pin 5 ~MXT_CHG J4 pin 5 MXT
LCD_PE25 J9 pin 6 ~QT_CHG J4 pin 6 QT
LCD_TWCK0_PA31 J9 pin 7 I2C SCL J4 pin 7 MXT,QT
LCD_TWD0_PA30 J9 pin 8 I2C SDA J4 pin 8 MXT,QT
LCD_DAT0_PA0 J9 pin 18 LCD_DATA_0 J4 pin 18 LCD
LCD_DAT1_PA1 J9 pin 19 LCD_DATA_1 J4 pin 19 LCD
LCD_DAT2_PA2 J9 pin 20 LCD_DATA_2 J4 pin 20 LCD
LCD_DAT3_PA3 J9 pin 21 LCD_DATA_3 J4 pin 21 LCD
LCD_DAT4_PA4 J9 pin 22 LCD_DATA_4 J4 pin 22 LCD
LCD_DAT3_PA5 J9 pin 23 LCD_DATA_5 J4 pin 23 LCD
LCD_DAT6_PA6 J9 pin 24 LCD_DATA_6 J4 pin 24 LCD
LCD_DAT7_PA7 J9 pin 25 LCD_DATA_7 J4 pin 25 LCD
LCD_DAT8_PA8 J9 pin 26 LCD_DATA_8 J4 pin 26 LCD
LCD_DAT9_PA9 J9 pin 27 LCD_DATA_9 J4 pin 27 LCD
LCD_DAT10_PA10 J9 pin 28 LCD_DATA_10 J4 pin 28 LCD
LCD_DAT11_PA11 J9 pin 29 LCD_DATA_11 J4 pin 29 LCD
LCD_DAT12_PA12 J9 pin 16 LCD_DATA_12 J4 pin 16 LCD
LCD_DAT13_PA13 J9 pin 12 LCD_DATA_13 J4 pin 12 LCD
LCD_DAT14_PA14 J9 pin 14 LCD_DATA_14 J4 pin 14 LCD
LCD_DAT15_PA15 J9 pin 10 LCD_DATA_15 J4 pin 10 LCD
------------------------- ----------------------- --------
LCD_DAT16_PA16 J10 pin 5 LCD_DATA_16 J5 pin 5 LCD
LCD_DAT17_PA17 J10 pin 6 LCD_DATA_17 J5 pin 6 LCD
LCD_DAT18_PA18 J10 pin 7 LCD_DATA_18 J5 pin 7 LCD
LCD_DAT19_PA19 J10 pin 8 LCD_DATA_19 J5 pin 8 LCD
LCD_DAT20_PA20 J10 pin 9 LCD_DATA_20 J5 pin 9 LCD
LCD_DAT21_PA21 J10 pin 10 LCD_DATA_21 J5 pin 10 LCD
LCD_DAT22_PA22 J10 pin 11 LCD_DATA_22 J5 pin 11 LCD
LCD_DAT23_PA23 J10 pin 12 LCD_DATA_23 J5 pin 12 LCD
LCD_DISP_PA25 J10 pin 15 DISP J5 pin 15 LCD (Display Enable)
LCD_PWM_PA24 J10 pin 16 Backlight PWM J5 pin 16 LCD
LCD_VSYNC_PA26 J10 pin 17 VSYNC J5 pin 17 LCD
LCD_HSYNC_PA27 J10 pin 18 HSYNC J5 pin 18 LCD
LCD_DEN_PA29 J10 pin 19 DE J5 pin 19 LCD
LCD_PCK_PA28 J10 pin 20 PCLK J5 pin 20 LCD
AD0_XP J10 pin 23 N/C J5 pin 23 N/A
AD1_XM J10 pin 24 N/C J5 pin 24 N/A
AD2_YP J10 pin 25 N/C J5 pin 25 N/A
AD3_YM J10 pin 26 N/C J5 pin 26 N/A
AD4_LR J10 pin 27 N/C J5 pin 27 N/A
1Wire_PE28 J10 pin 28 1-Wire J5 pin 28 EE
LCD_SPI1_SO J10 pin 31 N/C J5 pin 31 N/A
LCD_SPI1_SI J10 pin 32 N/C J5 pin 32 N/A
LCD_SPI1_CLK J10 pin 33 N/C J5 pin 33 N/A
LCD_SPI1_CS2 J10 pin 34 N/C J5 pin 34 N/A
EN_PWRLCD J10 pin 35 N/C J5 pin 35 N/A
LCD_DETECT# J10 pin 36 LCD Presence J5 pin 36 All
RXD4_PE26 J10 pin 37 N/C J5 pin 37 N/A
XD4_PE27 J10 pin 38 N/C J5 pin 38 N/A
------------------------- ----------------------- --------
LCD Configuration
-----------------
Here is a configuration that enables the LCD with backlight in RGB565
color mode. Notice that this configuration sets up an LCD framebuffer of
size 6,291,456 (0x0060:0000, 6MiB) at the end of DRAM. DRAM begins at
address 0x2000:0000 and has size 268,435,456 (0x1000:0000); The
framebuffer the begins at 0x2000:0000 + 0x1000:0000 - 0x0060:0000 =
0x2fa0:0000.
System Type -> SAMA5 Peripheral Support ->
CONFIG_SAMA5_LCDC=y : Enable LCDC
System Type -> LCDC Configuration ->
CONFIG_SAMA5_LCDC_BACKLIGHT=y : With backlight
CONFIG_SAMA5_LCDC_DEFBACKLIGHT=0xc8
CONFIG_SAMA5_LCDC_BACKCOLOR=0x7b5d : Color to use when clearing the display
CONFIG_SAMA5_LCDC_FB_VBASE=0x2fa00000 : Set aside the framebuffer
CONFIG_SAMA5_LCDC_FB_PBASE=0x2fa00000
CONFIG_SAMA5_LCDC_FB_SIZE=6291456
CONFIG_SAMA5_LCDC_BASE_ROT0=y : No rotation
CONFIG_SAMA5_LCDC_BASE_RGB565=y : RGB565 color format
This framebuffer size must then be subtracted from the memory available in the
heap (0x3000:0000 - 0x0058:0000 = 0x2fa8:0000):
System Type -> Heap Configuration ->
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS_RESERVE=y : Reserve DRAM for the framebuffer
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS_HEAP_END=0x2fa00000 : End of DRAM heap (excludes framebuffer)
There are several simple graphics examples under apps/examples/ that can
be use to verify the LCD: nx, nxhello, nximage, nxlines, nxtext. See
apps/examples/README.txt for information about configuring these examples.
For example, these settings will enable the apps/examples/nx example. The
NX example is a simple test using the NuttX graphics system (NX). This
test case focuses on general window controls, movement, mouse and keyboard
input. It requires no user interaction.
First you need to enable NuttX graphics support:
Graphics Support ->
CONFIG_NX=y : Enable NX graphics
CONFIG_NX_NPLANES=1 : 1 color plane
CONFIG_NX_PACKEDMSFIRST=y
Graphics Support -> Supported Pixel Depths ->
CONFIG_NX_DISABLE_1BPP=y : Disable all resolutions except 16 bpp
CONFIG_NX_DISABLE_2BPP=y
CONFIG_NX_DISABLE_4BPP=y
CONFIG_NX_DISABLE_8BPP=y
CONFIG_NX_DISABLE_24BPP=y
CONFIG_NX_DISABLE_32BPP=y
Graphics Support -> Input Devices ->
CONFIG_NX_XYINPUT=y : Build in mouse/touchscreen support (not used)
CONFIG_NX_KBD=y : Build in keyboard support (not used)
Graphics Support -> Framed Window Borders ->
CONFIG_NXTK_BORDERWIDTH=4 : Framed window configuration
CONFIG_NXTK_DEFAULT_BORDERCOLORS=y
Graphics Support -> Font Selections ->
CONFIG_NXFONTS_CHARBITS=7 : Font configuration
CONFIG_NXFONT_SERIF22X28B=y
Then you can enable the NX example:
Application Configuration -> Examples -> NX graphics example
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NX=y : Enable the NX example
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NX_VPLANE=0 : Use color plane 0
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NX_DEVNO=0 : Use device zero
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NX_DEFAULT_COLORS=y : Use default colors
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NX_DEFAULT_FONT=y : Use default fonts
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NX_BPP=16 : Use 16 bpp
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_NX_TOOLBAR_HEIGHT=16 : Configure toolbar
maXTouch
--------
Both the MXT768E and the AT42QT1070 are I2C devices with interrupting
PIO pins:
------------------------ -----------------
SAMA5D4-EK TM7000
------------------------ -----------------
J9 pin 5 LCD_PE24 J4 pin 5 ~CHG_mxt
J9 pin 6 LCD_PE25 J4 pin 6 ~CHG_QT
J9 pin 7 LCD_TWCK0_PA31 J4 pin 7 SCL_0
J9 pin 8 LCD_TWD0_PA30 J4 pin 8 SDA_0
------------------------ -----------------
The schematic indicates the the MXT468E address is 0x4c/0x4d.
Here are the configuration settings the configuration settings that will
enable the maXTouch touchscreen controller:
System Type
CONFIG_SAMA5_TWI0=y : Enable the TWI0 peripheral
CONFIG_SAMA5_PIO_IRQ=y : Support for PIOE interrupts
CONFIG_SAMA5_PIOE_IRQ=y
Device Drivers
CONFIG_INPUT=y : Input device support
CONFIG_INPUT_MXT=y : Enable maXTouch input device
Optionally, use CONFIG_ARCH_HAVE_I2CRESET=y if you have issues
with other I2C devices on board locking up the I2C bus.
Board Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_MXT_DEVMINOR=0
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_MXT_I2CFREQUENCY=100000
There is a test at apps/examples/touchscreen that can be enabled to
build in a touchscreen test:
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_TOUCHSCREEN=y
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_TOUCHSCREEN_ARCHINIT=y
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_TOUCHSCREEN_DEVPATH="/dev/input0"
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_TOUCHSCREEN_MINOR=0
Usage is like:
nsh> tc [<number-of-touches>]
QTouch Button Sensor
--------------------
To be provided.
LCD
---
To be provided.
Tickless OS
===========
Background
----------
By default, a NuttX configuration uses a periodic timer interrupt that
drives all system timing. The timer is provided by architecture-specifi
code that calls into NuttX at a rate controlled by CONFIG_USEC_PER_TICK.
The default value of CONFIG_USEC_PER_TICK is 10000 microseconds which
corresponds to a timer interrupt rate of 100 Hz.
An option is to configure NuttX to operation in a "tickless" mode. Some
limitations of default system timer are, in increasing order of
importance:
- Overhead: Although the CPU usage of the system timer interrupt at 100Hz
is really very low, it is still mostly wasted processing time. One most
timer interrupts, there is really nothing that needs be done other than
incrementing the counter.
- Resolution: Resolution of all system timing is also determined by
CONFIG_USEC_PER_TICK. So nothing that be time with resolution finer than
10 milliseconds be default. To increase this resolution,
CONFIG_USEC_PER_TICK an be reduced. However, then the system timer
interrupts use more of the CPU bandwidth processing useless interrupts.
- Power Usage: But the biggest issue is power usage. When the system is
IDLE, it enters a light, low-power mode (for ARMs, this mode is entered
with the wfi or wfe instructions for example). But each interrupt
awakens the system from this low power mode. Therefore, higher rates
of interrupts cause greater power consumption.
The so-called Tickless OS provides one solution to issue. The basic
concept here is that the periodic, timer interrupt is eliminated and
replaced with a one-shot, interval timer. It becomes event driven
instead of polled: The default system timer is a polled design. On
each interrupt, the NuttX logic checks if it needs to do anything
and, if so, it does it.
Using an interval timer, one can anticipate when the next interesting
OS event will occur, program the interval time and wait for it to fire.
When the interval time fires, then the scheduled activity is performed.
Configuration
-------------
The following configuration options will enable support for the Tickless
OS for the SAMA5D platforms using TC0 channels 0-3 (other timers or
timer channels could be used making the obvious substitutions):
RTOS Features -> Clocks and Timers
CONFIG_SCHED_TICKLESS=y : Configures the RTOS in tickless mode
CONFIG_SCHED_TICKLESS_ALARM=n : (option not implemented)
System Type -> SAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_TC0=y : Enable TC0 (TC channels 0-3
System Type -> Timer/counter Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_ONESHOT=y : Enables one-shot timer wrapper
CONFIG_SAMA5_FREERUN=y : Enabled free-running timer wrapper
CONFIG_SAMA5_TICKLESS_ONESHOT=0 : Selects TC0 channel 0 for the one-shot
CONFIG_SAMA5_TICKLESS_FREERUN=1 : Selects TC0 channel 1 for the free-
: running timer
NOTE: In most cases, the slow clock will be used as the timer/counter
input. You should enable the 32.768KHz crystal for the slow clock by
calling sam_sckc_enable(). Otherwise, you will be doing all system
timing using the RC clock! UPDATE: This will now be selected by default
when you configure for TICKLESS support.
UPDATE: As of this writing (2014-8-11), the Tickless support is
functional. However, the timing for all delays appears to be half the
duration that it should be. I don't see anything wrong with the setup
and I am suspecting that there may be something I don't understand about
the counting frequency.
SAMA5 Timer Usage
-----------------
This current implementation uses two timers: A one-shot timer to
provide the timed events and a free running timer to provide the current
time. Since timers are a limited resource, that could be an issue on
some systems.
We could do the job with a single timer if we were to keep the single
timer in a free-running at all times. The SAMA5 timer/counters have
32-bit counters with the capability to generate a compare interrupt when
the timer matches a compare value but also to continue counting without
stopping (giving another, different interrupt when the timer rolls over
from 0xffffffff to zero). So we could potentially just set the compare
at the number of ticks you want PLUS the current value of timer. Then
you could have both with a single timer: An interval timer and a free-
running counter with the same timer! In this case, you would want to
to set CONFIG_SCHED_TICKLESS_ALARM in the NuttX configuration.
Patches are welcome!
SAMA4D4-EK Configuration Options
=================================
CONFIG_ARCH - Identifies the arch/ subdirectory. This should
be set to:
CONFIG_ARCH="arm"
CONFIG_ARCH_family - For use in C code:
CONFIG_ARCH_ARM=y
CONFIG_ARCH_architecture - For use in C code:
CONFIG_ARCH_CORTEXA5=y
CONFIG_ARCH_CHIP - Identifies the arch/*/chip subdirectory
CONFIG_ARCH_CHIP="sama5"
CONFIG_ARCH_CHIP_name - For use in C code to identify the exact
chip:
CONFIG_ARCH_CHIP_SAMA5=y
CONFIG_ARCH_CHIP_ATSAMA5D44=y
CONFIG_ARCH_BOARD - Identifies the configs subdirectory and
hence, the board that supports the particular chip or SoC.
CONFIG_ARCH_BOARD="sama5d4-ek" (for the SAMA4D4-EK development board)
CONFIG_ARCH_BOARD_name - For use in C code
CONFIG_ARCH_BOARD_SAMA5D4_EK=y
CONFIG_ARCH_LOOPSPERMSEC - Must be calibrated for correct operation
of delay loops
CONFIG_ENDIAN_BIG - define if big endian (default is little
endian)
CONFIG_RAM_SIZE - Describes the installed DRAM (SRAM in this case):
CONFIG_RAM_SIZE=0x0002000 (128Kb)
CONFIG_RAM_START - The physical start address of installed DRAM
CONFIG_RAM_START=0x20000000
CONFIG_RAM_VSTART - The virtual start address of installed DRAM
CONFIG_RAM_VSTART=0x20000000
CONFIG_ARCH_LEDS - Use LEDs to show state. Unique to boards that
have LEDs
CONFIG_ARCH_INTERRUPTSTACK - This architecture supports an interrupt
stack. If defined, this symbol is the size of the interrupt
stack in bytes. If not defined, the user task stacks will be
used during interrupt handling.
CONFIG_ARCH_STACKDUMP - Do stack dumps after assertions
CONFIG_ARCH_LEDS - Use LEDs to show state. Unique to board architecture.
CONFIG_ARCH_CALIBRATION - Enables some build in instrumentation that
cause a 100 second delay during boot-up. This 100 second delay
serves no purpose other than it allows you to calibrate
CONFIG_ARCH_LOOPSPERMSEC. You simply use a stop watch to measure
the 100 second delay then adjust CONFIG_ARCH_LOOPSPERMSEC until
the delay actually is 100 seconds.
Individual subsystems can be enabled:
CONFIG_SAMA5_DBGU - Debug Unit
CONFIG_SAMA5_PIT - Periodic Interval Timer
CONFIG_SAMA5_WDT - Watchdog timer
CONFIG_SAMA5_HSMC - Multi-bit ECC
CONFIG_SAMA5_SMD - SMD Soft Modem
CONFIG_SAMA5_USART0 - USART 0
CONFIG_SAMA5_USART1 - USART 1
CONFIG_SAMA5_USART2 - USART 2
CONFIG_SAMA5_USART3 - USART 3
CONFIG_SAMA5_UART0 - UART 0
CONFIG_SAMA5_UART1 - UART 1
CONFIG_SAMA5_TWI0 - Two-Wire Interface 0
CONFIG_SAMA5_TWI1 - Two-Wire Interface 1
CONFIG_SAMA5_TWI2 - Two-Wire Interface 2
CONFIG_SAMA5_HSMCI0 - High Speed Multimedia Card Interface 0
CONFIG_SAMA5_HSMCI1 - High Speed Multimedia Card Interface 1
CONFIG_SAMA5_SPI0 - Serial Peripheral Interface 0
CONFIG_SAMA5_SPI1 - Serial Peripheral Interface 1
CONFIG_SAMA5_TC0 - Timer Counter 0 (ch. 0, 1, 2)
CONFIG_SAMA5_TC1 - Timer Counter 1 (ch. 3, 4, 5)
CONFIG_SAMA5_PWM - Pulse Width Modulation Controller
CONFIG_SAMA5_ADC - Touch Screen ADC Controller
CONFIG_SAMA5_XDMAC0 - XDMA Controller 0
CONFIG_SAMA5_XDMAC1 - XDMA Controller 1
CONFIG_SAMA5_UHPHS - USB Host High Speed
CONFIG_SAMA5_UDPHS - USB Device High Speed
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC0 - Ethernet MAC 0 (GMAC0)
CONFIG_SAMA5_EMAC1 - Ethernet MAC 1 (GMAC1)
CONFIG_SAMA5_LCDC - LCD Controller
CONFIG_SAMA5_ISI - Image Sensor Interface
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC0 - Synchronous Serial Controller 0
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC1 - Synchronous Serial Controller 1
CONFIG_SAMA5_SHA - Secure Hash Algorithm
CONFIG_SAMA5_AES - Advanced Encryption Standard
CONFIG_SAMA5_TDES - Triple Data Encryption Standard
CONFIG_SAMA5_TRNG - True Random Number Generator
CONFIG_SAMA5_ARM - Performance Monitor Unit
CONFIG_SAMA5_FUSE - Fuse Controller
CONFIG_SAMA5_MPDDRC - MPDDR controller
Some subsystems can be configured to operate in different ways. The drivers
need to know how to configure the subsystem.
CONFIG_SAMA5_PIOA_IRQ - Support PIOA interrupts
CONFIG_SAMA5_PIOB_IRQ - Support PIOB interrupts
CONFIG_SAMA5_PIOC_IRQ - Support PIOD interrupts
CONFIG_SAMA5_PIOD_IRQ - Support PIOD interrupts
CONFIG_SAMA5_PIOE_IRQ - Support PIOE interrupts
CONFIG_USART0_ISUART - USART0 is configured as a UART
CONFIG_USART1_ISUART - USART1 is configured as a UART
CONFIG_USART2_ISUART - USART2 is configured as a UART
CONFIG_USART3_ISUART - USART3 is configured as a UART
AT91SAMA5 specific device driver settings
CONFIG_SAMA5_DBGU_SERIAL_CONSOLE - selects the DBGU
for the console and ttyDBGU
CONFIG_SAMA5_DBGU_RXBUFSIZE - Characters are buffered as received.
This specific the size of the receive buffer
CONFIG_SAMA5_DBGU_TXBUFSIZE - Characters are buffered before
being sent. This specific the size of the transmit buffer
CONFIG_SAMA5_DBGU_BAUD - The configure BAUD of the DBGU.
CONFIG_SAMA5_DBGU_PARITY - 0=no parity, 1=odd parity, 2=even parity
CONFIG_U[S]ARTn_SERIAL_CONSOLE - selects the USARTn (n=0,1,2,3) or UART
m (m=4,5) for the console and ttys0 (default is the DBGU).
CONFIG_U[S]ARTn_RXBUFSIZE - Characters are buffered as received.
This specific the size of the receive buffer
CONFIG_U[S]ARTn_TXBUFSIZE - Characters are buffered before
being sent. This specific the size of the transmit buffer
CONFIG_U[S]ARTn_BAUD - The configure BAUD of the UART. Must be
CONFIG_U[S]ARTn_BITS - The number of bits. Must be either 7 or 8.
CONFIG_U[S]ARTn_PARITY - 0=no parity, 1=odd parity, 2=even parity
CONFIG_U[S]ARTn_2STOP - Two stop bits
AT91SAMA5 USB Host Configuration
Pre-requisites
CONFIG_USBDEV - Enable USB device support
CONFIG_USBHOST - Enable USB host support
CONFIG_SAMA5_UHPHS - Needed
CONFIG_SAMA5_OHCI - Enable the STM32 USB OTG FS block
CONFIG_SCHED_WORKQUEUE - Worker thread support is required
Options:
CONFIG_SAMA5_OHCI_NEDS
Number of endpoint descriptors
CONFIG_SAMA5_OHCI_NTDS
Number of transfer descriptors
CONFIG_SAMA5_OHCI_TDBUFFERS
Number of transfer descriptor buffers
CONFIG_SAMA5_OHCI_TDBUFSIZE
Size of one transfer descriptor buffer
CONFIG_USBHOST_INT_DISABLE
Disable interrupt endpoint support
CONFIG_USBHOST_ISOC_DISABLE
Disable isochronous endpoint support
CONFIG_USBHOST_BULK_DISABLE
Disable bulk endpoint support
config SAMA5_OHCI_REGDEBUG
Configurations
==============
Information Common to All Configurations
----------------------------------------
Each SAMA4D4-EK configuration is maintained in a sub-directory and
can be selected as follow:
cd tools
./configure.sh sama5d4-ek/<subdir>
cd -
. ./setenv.sh
Before sourcing the setenv.sh file above, you should examine it and perform
edits as necessary so that TOOLCHAIN_BIN is the correct path to the directory
than holds your toolchain binaries.
And then build NuttX by simply typing the following. At the conclusion of
the make, the nuttx binary will reside in an ELF file called, simply, nuttx.
make
The <subdir> that is provided above as an argument to the tools/configure.sh
must be is one of the following.
NOTES:
1. These configurations use the mconf-based configuration tool. To
change any of these configurations using that tool, you should:
a. Build and install the kconfig-mconf tool. See nuttx/README.txt
and misc/tools/
b. Execute 'make menuconfig' in nuttx/ in order to start the
reconfiguration process.
2. Unless stated otherwise, all configurations generate console
output on the DBGU (J23).
3. All of these configurations use the Code Sourcery for Windows toolchain
(unless stated otherwise in the description of the configuration). That
toolchain selection can easily be reconfigured using 'make menuconfig'.
Here are the relevant current settings:
Build Setup:
CONFIG_HOST_WINDOWS=y : Microsoft Windows
CONFIG_WINDOWS_CYGWIN=y : Using Cygwin or other POSIX environment
System Type -> Toolchain:
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_GNU_EABIW=y : GNU EABI toolchain for windows
That same configuration will work with Atmel GCC toolchain. The only
change required to use the Atmel GCC toolchain is to change the PATH
variable so that those tools are selected instead of the CodeSourcery
tools. Try 'which arm-none-eabi-gcc' to make sure that you are
selecting the right tool.
The setenv.sh file is available for you to use to set the PATH
variable. The path in the that file may not, however, be correct
for your installation.
See also the "NOTE about Windows native toolchains" in the section call
"GNU Toolchain Options" above.
!!!WARNING!!! The first time that you type 'make', the system will
configure itself based on the settings in the .config file. One of
these settings can cause a lot of confusion if you configure the build
in the wrong state: If you are running on Linux, make *certain* that
you have CONFIG_HOST_LINUX=y *before* the first make or you will
create a very corrupt configuration that may not be easy to recover
from.
4. The SAMA5Dx is running at 528MHz by default in these configurations.
Board Selection -> CPU Frequency
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_528MHZ=y : Enable 528MHz operation
CONFIG_BOARD_LOOPSPERMSEC=65775 : Calibrated on SAMA5D3-Xplained at
: 528MHz running from SDRAM
Configuration Sub-directories
-----------------------------
Summary: Some of the descriptions below are long and wordy. Here is the
concise summary of the available SAMA4D4-EK configurations:
at25boot: This is a little program to write a boot loader into the
AT25 serial FLASH (in particular, dramboot). See the description
below and the section above entitled "Creating and Using AT25BOOT"
for more information
dramboot: This is a little program to help debug of code in DRAM. See
the description below and the section above entitled "Creating and
Using DRAMBOOT" for more information
elf: Demonstrates execution of ELF file from a file system.
knsh: An NSH configuration used to test the SAMA5D kernel build
configuration. Uses a tiny NSH configuration that runs at
start time from a mounted file system.
nsh: This is an NuttShell (NSH) configuration that supports extensive
functionality as possible (unlike the minimal ramtest configuration).
See the detailed description below for a summary of the feature
set supported by this configuration. You may want to disable some
of these features if you plan to use the NSH as a platform for
debugging and integrating new features.
nxwm: This is a special configuration setup for the NxWM window manager
UnitTest. It integrates support for both the SAMA5 LCDC and the
SAMA5 ADC touchscreen controller and provides a more advance
graphics demo. It provides an interactive windowing experience.
ramtest: This is a stripped down version of NSH that runs out of
internal SRAM. It configures SDRAM and supports only the RAM test
at apps/examples/ramtest. This configuration is useful for
bringing up SDRAM.
There may be issues with some of these configurations. See the details
before of the status of individual configurations.
Now for the gory details:
at25boot:
To work around some SAM-BA availability issues that I had at one time,
I created the at25boot program. at25boot is a tiny program that runs in
ISRAM. at25boot will enable SDRAM and configure the AT25 Serial FLASH.
It will prompt and then load an Intel HEX program into SDRAM over the
serial console. If the program is successfully loaded in SDRAM, at25boot
will copy the program at the beginning of the AT26 Serial FLASH.
If the jumpering is set correctly, the SAMA5D4 RomBOOT loader will
then boot the program from the serial FLASH the next time that it
reset.
The usage is different, otherwise I believe the notes for the dramboot
configuration should all apply.
STATUS: While this program works great and appears to correctly write
the binary image onto the AT25 Serial FLASH, the RomBOOT loader will
not boot it! I believe that is because the secure boot loader has some
undocumented requirements that I am unaware of. (2014-6-28)
dramboot:
This is a little program to help debug of code in DRAM. It does the
following:
- Sets the clocking so that the SAMA5 is running at 528MHz.
- Configures DRAM,
- Loads and Intel HEX file into DRAM over the terminal port,
- Waits for you to break in with GDB (or optionally starts the
newly loaded program).
At that point, you can set the PC and begin executing from SDRAM under
debug control. See the section entitled "Creating and Using
DRAMBOOT" above.
NOTES:
1. This configuration uses the the USART3 for the serial console
which is available at the "DBGU" RS-232 connector (J24). That
is easily changed by reconfiguring to (1) enable a different
serial peripheral, and (2) selecting that serial peripheral as
the console device.
2. By default, this configuration is set up to build on Windows
under either a Cygwin or MSYS environment using a recent, Windows-
native, generic ARM EABI GCC toolchain (such as the CodeSourcery
toolchain). Both the build environment and the toolchain
selection can easily be changed by reconfiguring:
CONFIG_HOST_WINDOWS=y : Windows operating system
CONFIG_WINDOWS_CYGWIN=y : POSIX environment under windows
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_CODESOURCERYW=y : CodeSourcery for Windows
If you are running on Linux, make *certain* that you have
CONFIG_HOST_LINUX=y *before* the first make or you will create a
corrupt configuration that may not be easy to recover from. See
the warning in the section "Information Common to All Configurations"
for further information.
3. This configuration executes out of internal SRAM flash and is
loaded into SRAM by the boot RomBoot from NAND, Serial
DataFlash, SD card or from a TFTPC sever via the Boot ROM.
Data also is positioned in SRAM.
2. The default dramboot program initializes the DRAM memory,
displays a message, loads an Intel HEX program into DRAM over the
serial console and halts. The dramboot program can also be
configured to jump directly into DRAM without requiring the
final halt and go by setting CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_DRAM_START=y in the
NuttX configuration.
3. Be aware that the default dramboot also disables the watchdog.
Since you will not be able to re-enable the watchdog later, you may
need to set CONFIG_SAMA5_WDT=y in the NuttX configuration file.
4. If you put dramboot on the Serial FLASH, you can automatically
boot to SDRAM on reset. See the section "Creating and Using DRAMBOOT"
above.
5. Here are the steps that I use to execute this program in SRAM
using only the ROM Bootloader:
a) Hold the DIS_BOOT button and
b) With the DIS_BOOT button pressed, power cycle the board. A
reset does not seem to be sufficient.
c) The serial should show RomBOOT in a terminal window (at 115200
8N1) and nothing more.
d) Press ENTER in the terminal window a few times to enable JTAG.
e) Start the Segger GDB server. It should successfully connect to
the board via JTAG (if JTAG was correctly enabled in step d)).
f) Start GDB, connect, to the GDB server, load NuttX, and debug.
gdb> target remote localhost:2331
gdb> mon halt (don't do mon reset)
gdb> load nuttx
gdb> mon reg pc (make sure that the PC is 0x200040
gdb> ... and debug ...
STATUS: I don't have a working SAM-BA at the moment and there are issues
with my AT25BOOT (see above). I currently work around these issues by
putting DRAMBOOT on a microSD card (as boot.bin). The RomBOOT loader does
boot that image without issue.
elf:
Demonstrates execution of ELF file from a file system using
apps/examples/elf. This is a very simple configuration so there is not
really much that needs to be said.
NOTES:
1. This configuration uses the the USART3 for the serial console
which is available at the "DBGU" RS-232 connector (J24). That
is easily changed by reconfiguring to (1) enable a different
serial peripheral, and (2) selecting that serial peripheral as
the console device.
2. By default, this configuration is set up to build on Windows
under either a Cygwin or MSYS environment using a recent, Windows-
native, generic ARM EABI GCC toolchain (such as the CodeSourcery
toolchain). Both the build environment and the toolchain
selection can easily be changed by reconfiguring:
CONFIG_HOST_WINDOWS=y : Windows operating system
CONFIG_WINDOWS_CYGWIN=y : POSIX environment under windows
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_CODESOURCERYW=y : CodeSourcery for Windows
If you are running on Linux, make *certain* that you have
CONFIG_HOST_LINUX=y *before* the first make or you will create a
corrupt configuration that may not be easy to recover from. See
the warning in the section "Information Common to All Configurations"
for further information.
3. This configuration currently has Cortex-A address environments selected.
With this option, the MMU is used to create a custom address environment
for each ELF program (effectively making them processes). This option
can be disabled in which case the ELF programs will simply execute out
normal memory allocated from the heap. To disable this feature:
System Type -> Architecture Options
CONFIG_ARCH_ADDRENV=n : Disable address environment support
System Type -> Heap Configuration
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS_RESERVE=n : Don't reserve any page cache memory
CONFIG_SAMA5_DDRCS_PGHEAP=n : Don't try to set up the page allocator
Memory Management
CONFIG_GRAN=n : Disable the granule allocator
CONFIG_MM_PGALLOC=n : Disable the page allocator
4. A system call interface is enabled and the ELF test programs interface with the base RTOS code system calls. This eliminates the need for symbol tables to link with the base RTOS (symbol tables are still used, however, to interface with the common C library instaniation). Relevant configuration settings:
RTOS Features -> System call support
CONFIG_LIB_SYSCALL=y : Enable system call support
CONFIG_SYS_NNEST=2 : Max number of nested system calls
CONFIG_SYS_RESERVED=1 : SYStem call 0 is reserved on this platform
Application Configurations -> Examples -> ELF Loader Example
CONFIG_EXAMPLES_ELF_SYSCALL=y : Link apps with the SYStem call library
STATUS:
2014-8-24: This configuration works with the address environment
and system call options disabled.
2014-8-28: Now this option works well well with address environments
enabled. There is a potential issue with the use of
task_create() as it is used in the ELF test, but the code
seems to survive it. See:
http://www.nuttx.org/doku.php?id=wiki:nxinternal:memconfigs#task_create
2014-8-29: System call interface verified.
2014-9-16: Reverified after fixing changes for the knsh configuration
that broke this on. All seems to be well now.
knsh:
An NSH configuration used to test the SAMA5D kenel build configuration.
More to come... this is still a work in progress as of this writing.
NOTES:
1. This configuration uses the the USART3 for the serial console
which is available at the "DBGU" RS-232 connector (J24). That
is easily changed by reconfiguring to (1) enable a different
serial peripheral, and (2) selecting that serial peripheral as
the console device.
2. By default, this configuration is set up to build on Windows
under either a Cygwin or MSYS environment using a recent, Windows-
native, generic ARM EABI GCC toolchain (such as the CodeSourcery
toolchain). Both the build environment and the toolchain
selection can easily be changed by reconfiguring:
CONFIG_HOST_WINDOWS=y : Windows operating system
CONFIG_WINDOWS_CYGWIN=y : POSIX environment under windows
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_CODESOURCERYW=y : CodeSourcery for Windows
If you are running on Linux, make *certain* that you have
CONFIG_HOST_LINUX=y *before* the first make or you will create a
corrupt configuration that may not be easy to recover from. See
the warning in the section "Information Common to All Configurations"
for further information.
3. Some key setup configuration values for this configuration:
Build Setup -> Build Configuration -> Memory Organization
CONFIG_BUILD_KERNEL=y : Kernel build enabled
RTOS Features -> Tasks and Scheduling
CONFIG_INIT_FILEPATH=y : Start-up is via an ELF file
CONFIG_USER_INITPATH="/bin/init" : The location of the startup
CONFIG_SCHED_HAVE_PARENT=y : Needed to handle task exit
RTOS Features -> System call support
CONFIG_SYS_RESERVED=5 : More reserved SYSCALLs
RTOS Features -> RTOS hooks
CONFIG_SCHED_ONEXIT=y : Needed to handle task exit
CONFIG_SCHED_ONEXIT_MAX=2
Memory Management
CONFIG_MM_KERNEL_HEAP=y : Enable a kernel heap
CONFIG_MM_KERNEL_HEAPSIZE=8192 : (temporary.. will change)
4. By default, this configuration is setup to boot from an SD card.
Unfortunately, there some issues when using the SD card that prevent
this from working properly (see STATUS below). And alternative is to
use a built-in ROMFS file system that does not suffer from the
(assumed) HSMCI bug.
So why isn't this the default configuration? Because it does not
build out-of-the-box. You have to take special steps in the build
process as described below.
Assuming that you will want to reconfigure to use the ROMFS (rather than debugging HSCMI), you will need to disable all of these settings:
System Type->ATSAMA5 Peripheral Support
CONFIG_SAMA5_HSMCI0=n : Disable HSMCI0 support
CONFIG_SAMA5_XDMAC0=n : XDMAC0 is no longer needed
System Type
CONFIG_SAMA5_PIO_IRQ=n : PIO interrupts are no longer needed
Device Drivers -> MMC/SD Driver Support
CONFIG_MMCSD=n : Disable MMC/SD support
File System
CONFIG_FS_FAT=n : FAT file system no longer needed
Board Selection
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_HSMCI0_MOUNT=y : Don't mount HSMCI0 at boot
And then enable these features in order to use the ROMFS boot file
system:
File System
CONFIG_FS_ROMFS=y : Enable the ROMFS file system
Board Selection
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_ROMFS_MOUNT=y : Mount the ROMFS file system at boot
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_ROMFS_MOUNT_MOUNTPOINT="/bin"
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_ROMFS_ROMDISK_DEVNAME="/dev/ram0"
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_ROMFS_ROMDISK_MINOR=0
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_ROMFS_ROMDISK_SECTSIZE=512
Then you will need to follow some special build instructions below
in order to build and install the ROMFS file system image.
UPDATE: The ROMFS configuration is pre-configured in the the
file nuttx/configs/sama5d4-ek/knsh/defconfig.ROMFS
5. Board initialization is performed performed before the application
is started:
RTOS Features -> RTOS Hooks
CONFIG_BOARD_INITITIALIZE=y
In the special ROMFS boot configuration, you need to do nothing
additional: The board initialization will mount the ROMFS file
system at boot time.
In the default configuration, however, the board initialization
will instead mount the FAT filesystem on an SD card inserted in
the HSMCI0 slot (full size). The SAMA4D4-EK provides two SD
memory card slots: (1) a full size SD card slot (J10), and (2) a
microSD memory card slot (J11). The full size SD card slot connects
via HSMCI0; the microSD connects vi HSMCI1. See the relevant
configuration settings above in the paragraph entitled "HSMCI Card
Slots" above.
The SD card is mounted at /bin by this board initialization logic.
NuttX will boot from the SD card so there are some special operational
requirements to use this configuration:
a. The SD card must contain a NuttX executable called 'init'
b. The SD card must be in the HSCMCI slot when NuttX boots and must
not be removed while NuttX is running.
The NuttX automounter is *not* enabled. It cannot be used it would
mount the boot file system with a delay. In this configuration. The
file system must be mounted immediately at boot up. To accomplish
this, the board logic supports these special configurations:
Board Selection ->
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_HSMCI0_AMOUNT=y
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_HSMCI0_MOUNT_BLKDEV="/dev/mmcsd0"
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_HSMCI0_MOUNT_FSTYPE="vfat"
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_HSMCI0_MOUNT_MOUNTPOINT="/bin"
6a. General build directions (boot from SD card):
$ cd nuttx/tools : Go to the tools sub-directory
$ ./configure.sh sama5d4-ek/kernel : Establish this configuration
$ cd .. : Back to the NuttX build directory
: Edit setenv.sh to use the correct path
$ . ./setenv.sh : Set up the PATH variable
$ make : Build the kerne with a dummy ROMFS image
: This should create the nuttx ELF
$ make export : Create the kernel export package
: You should have a file like
: nuttx-export-*.zip
$ cd apps/ : Go to the apps/ directory
$ tools/mkimport.sh -x <zip-file> : Use the full path to nuttx-export-*.zip
$ make import : This will build the file system.
You will then need to copy the files from apps/bin to an SD card to
create the the bootable SD card.
6b. General build directions (boot from ROMFS image):
$ cd nuttx/tools : Go to the tools sub-directory
$ ./configure.sh sama5d4-ek/kernel : Establish this configuration
$ cd .. : Back to the NuttX build directory
: Edit setenv.sh to use the correct path
$ . ./setenv.sh : Set up the PATH variable
$ touch configs/sama5d4-ek/include/boot_romfsimg.h
$ make : Build the kernel with a dummy ROMFS image
: This should create the nuttx ELF
$ make export : Create the kernel export package
: You should have a file like
: nuttx-export-*.zip
$ cd apps/ : Go to the apps/ directory
$ tools/mkimport.sh -x <zip-file> : Use the full path to nuttx-export-*.zip
$ make import : This will build the file system
$ tools/mkromfsimg.sh : Create the real ROMFS image
$ mv boot_romfsimg.h ../nuttx/configs/sama5d4-ek/include/boot_romfsimg.h
$ cd nuttx/ : Rebuild the system with the correct
$ make clean_context all : ROMFS file system
STATUS:
2014-9-4: The kernel works up to the point where the nsh 'init'
is started from the file system then fails. This is good,
however, because I do not yet have the file system in place yet.
2014-9-8: I am seeing HSMCI read() failures while loading the ELF image
from the SD card. This seems odd since I have never seen other read()
failures with HSMCI (and, hence, this may be some issue unique to this
configuration). In any a event, this has stopped testing for the
moment.
Also, the mount() in configs/sama5d4x-ek/src/sam_bringup.c will fail
unless you add a delay between the HSMCI initialization and the mount.
No idea why (and there they is now delay in the baseline code... one
has to be added).
Update: I don't believe that this HSMCI error occurs if file system
debug output is enabled.
2014-9-11: Everything seems to be working quite nicely witn the ROMFS
file system. A considerable amount of testing has been done and
there are no known defects as of this writing.
2014-9-16: After some substantial effort, I think I may have resolved
the last of the mainstream bugs that prevented from executing other
user processes from a user processes. Long story but I am glad to
haave that done.
nsh:
This configuration directory provide the NuttShell (NSH). This is a
very simple NSH configuration upon which you can build further
functionality.
NOTES:
1. This configuration uses the the USART3 for the serial console
which is available at the "DBGU" RS-232 connector (J24). That
is easily changed by reconfiguring to (1) enable a different
serial peripheral, and (2) selecting that serial peripheral as
the console device.
2. This configuration was verified using the SAMA5D4-MB, Rev C. board.
There may be some differences in released SAMA5D4-EK board. Also,
this configuration assumes that you have the TM7000 LCD/Touchscreen
attached. If you do not, you should disable the LCD and touchscreen
drivers as described above under "TM7000 LCD/Touchscreen" and also
below.
3. By default, this configuration is set up to build on Windows
under either a Cygwin or MSYS environment using a recent, Windows-
native, generic ARM EABI GCC toolchain (such as the CodeSourcery
toolchain). Both the build environment and the toolchain
selection can easily be changed by reconfiguring:
CONFIG_HOST_WINDOWS=y : Windows operating system
CONFIG_WINDOWS_CYGWIN=y : POSIX environment under windows
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_CODESOURCERYW=y : CodeSourcery for Windows
If you are running on Linux, make *certain* that you have
CONFIG_HOST_LINUX=y *before* the first make or you will create a
corrupt configuration that may not be easy to recover from. See
the warning in the section "Information Common to All Configurations"
for further information.
4. This configuration supports logging of debug output to a circular
buffer in RAM. This feature is discussed fully in this Wiki page:
http://nuttx.org/doku.php?id=wiki:howtos:syslog . Relevant
configuration settings are summarized below:
File System:
CONFIG_SYSLOG_ENABLE=n : (Output debug info unconditionally)
CONFIG_SYSLOG=y : Enables the System Logging feature.
Device Drivers:
CONFIG_RAMLOG=y : Enable the RAM-based logging feature.
CONFIG_RAMLOG_CONSOLE=n : (We don't use the RAMLOG console)
CONFIG_RAMLOG_SYSLOG=y : This enables the RAM-based logger as the
system logger.
CONFIG_RAMLOG_NONBLOCKING=y : Needs to be non-blocking for dmesg
CONFIG_RAMLOG_BUFSIZE=16384 : Buffer size is 16KiB
NOTE: This RAMLOG feature is really only of value if debug output
is enabled. But, by default, no debug output is disabled in this
configuration. Therefore, there is no logic that will add anything
to the RAM buffer. This feature is configured and in place only
to support any future debugging needs that you may have.
If you don't plan on using the debug features, then by all means
disable this feature and save 16KiB of RAM!
NOTE: There is an issue with capturing data in the RAMLOG: If
the system crashes, all of the crash dump information will into
the RAMLOG and you will be unable to access it! You can tell that
the system has crashed because (a) it will be unresponsive and (b)
the RED LED will be blinking at about 2Hz.
That is another good reason to disable the RAMLOG!
5. This configuration executes out of SDRAM flash and is loaded into
SDRAM from NAND, Serial DataFlash, SD card or from a TFTPC sever via
U-Boot, BareBox, or the DRAMBOOT configuration described above. Data
also is positioned in SDRAM.
The load address is different for the DRAMBOOT program and the Linux
bootloaders. This can easily be reconfigured, however:
CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_DRAM_BOOT=y
See the section above entitled "Creating and Using DRAMBOOT" above
for more information. Here is a summary of the steps that I used
to boot the NSH configuration:
a. Create the DRAMBOOT program as described above. It should be
configured with CONFIG_SAMA5D4EK_DRAM_START=y so that DRAMBOOT
will immediately start the program. You may not want to do
this is your prefer to break in with GDB.
b. Write the DRAMBOOT program binary (nuttx.bin) to a microSD
card as "boot.bin". Insert the microSD card into the boar;
The ROM Booloader should now boot DRAMBOOT on reset and you
should see this message:
Send Intel HEX file now
c. Build the NSH version of NuttX. Send the Intel HEX of NSH
at the prompt. After the file is received, NSH should start
automatically.
At times the past, have have tested with nuttx.bin on an SD card and
booting with U-Boot. These are the commands that I used to boot NuttX
from the SD card:
U-Boot> fatload mmc 0 0x20008000 nuttx.bin
U-Boot> go 0x20008040
6. Board LEDs and buttons are supported as described under "Buttons and
LEDs". The interrupt button test is also enabled as an NSH built-in
commands. To run this test, you simply inter the command:
nsh>buttons [npresses]
The interrupt button test will log button press information to the
syslog. Since the RAMLOG is enabled, the SYSLOG output will be
captured to a circular buffer in ram and may be examined using the
NSH dmesg command:
nsh> buttons 2
nsh> dmesg
maxbuttons: 2
Attached handler at 200106f0 to button 0 [PB_USER], oldhandler:0
IRQ:81 Button 0:PB_USER SET:01:
PB_USER depressed
IRQ:81 Button 0:PB_USER SET:00:
PB_USER released
IRQ:81 Button 0:PB_USER SET:01:
PB_USER depressed
IRQ:81 Button 0:PB_USER SET:00:
PB_USER released
7. This configuration supports /dev/null, /dev/zero, and /dev/random.
CONFIG_DEV_NULL=y : Enables /dev/null
CONFIG_DEV_ZERO=y : Enabled /dev/zero
Support for /dev/random is implemented using the SAMA5D4's True
Random Number Generator (TRNG). See the section above entitled
"TRNG and /dev/random" for information about configuring /dev/random.
CONFIG_SAMA5_TRNG=y : Enables the TRNG peripheral
CONFIG_DEV_RANDOM=y : Enables /dev/random
8. This configuration has support for NSH built-in applications enabled.
Two built-in applications are included by default:
a. The I2C Tool. See the section above entitled "I2C Tool" and the
note with regard to I2C below.
b. The interrupting button test as described above in these notes.
c. The touchscreen test program as described above under "TM7000
LCD/Touchscreen" and also below in this notes.
d. An LCD/graphics test program. See the section above entitle
"TM7000 LCD/Touchscreen" and also below in this notes.
e. The NxPlayer command line media player. This is a work in
progress see the "Audio Support" section above and additional
notes below.
9. This configuration has support for the FAT, ROMFS, and PROCFS file
systems built in.
The FAT file system includes long file name support. Please be aware
that Microsoft claims patents against the long file name support (see
more discussion in the top-level COPYING file).
CONFIG_FS_FAT=y : Enables the FAT file system
CONFIG_FAT_LCNAMES=y : Enable lower case 8.3 file names
CONFIG_FAT_LFN=y : Enables long file name support
CONFIG_FAT_MAXFNAME=32 : Arbitrarily limits the size of a path
segment name to 32 bytes
The ROMFS file system is enabled simply with:
CONFIG_FS_ROMFS=y : Enable ROMFS file system
The ROMFS file system is enabled simply with:
CONFIG_FS_PROCFS=y : Enable PROCFS file system
10. An NSH start-up script is provided by the ROMFS file system. The ROMFS
file system is mounted at /etc and provides:
|- dev/
| |- ...
| `- ram0 : ROMFS block driver
`- etc/
`- init.d/
`- rcS : Start-up script
(There will, of course, be other devices under /dev including /dev/console,
/dev/null, /dev/zero, /dev/random, etc.).
Relevant configuration options include:
CONFIG_NSH_ROMFSETC=y : Enable mounting at of startup file system
CONFIG_NSH_ROMFSMOUNTPT="/etc" : Mount at /etc
CONFIG_NSH_ROMFSDEVNO=0 : Device is /dev/ram0
CONFIG_NSH_ARCHROMFS=y : ROMFS image is at
configs/sama5d4-ek/include/nsh_romfsimg.h
The content of /etc/init.d/rcS can be see in the file rcS.template that
can be found at: configs/sama5d4-ek/include/rcS.template:
# Mount the procfs file system at /proc
mount -f procfs /proc
echo "rcS: Mounted /proc"
# Create a RAMDISK at /dev/ram1, size 0.5MiB, format it with a FAT
# file system and mount it at /tmp
mkrd -m 1 -s 512 1024
mkfatfs /dev/ram1
mount -t vfat /dev/ram1 /tmp
echo "rcS: Mounted /tmp"
The above commands will mount the procfs file system at /proc and a
RAM disk at /tmp.
The second group of commands will: (1) Create a RAM disk block device
at /dev/ram1 (mkrd). The RAM disk will take 0.4MiB of memory (512 x
1024). Then it will then: (2) create a FAT file system on the ram
disk (mkfatfs) and (3) mount it at /tmp (mount).
So after NSH starts and runs the rcS script, we will have:
|- dev/
| |- ...
| `- ram0 : ROMFS block driver
| `- ram1 : RAM disk block driver
|- etc/
| `- init.d/
| `- rcS : Start-up script
|- proc/
| |- 0/ : Information about Task ID 0
| | |- cmdline : Command line used to start the task
| | |- stack : Stack allocation
| | |- status : Current task status
| | `- group/ : Information about the task group
| | |- fd : File descriptors open in the group
| | `- status : Status of the group
| |- 1/ : Information about Task ID 1
| | `- ... : Same psuedo-directories as for Task ID 0
| |- ... : ...
| |- n/ : Information about Task ID n
| | `- ... : Same psuedo-directories as for Task ID 0
| |- uptime : Processor uptime
`- tmp/
The /tmp directory can them be used for and scratch purpose. The
pseudo-files in the proc/ directory can be used to query properties
of NuttX. As examples:
nsh> cat /proc/1/stack
StackBase: 0x2003b1e8
StackSize: 2044
nsh> cat /proc/uptime
31.89
nsh> cat /proc/1/status
Name: work
Type: Kernel thread
State: Signal wait
Priority: 192
Scheduler: SCHED_FIFO
SigMask: 00000000
nsh> cat /proc/1/cmdline
work
nsh> cat /proc/1/group/status
Flags: 0x00
Members: 1
nsh> cat /proc/1/group/fd
FD POS OFLAGS
0 0 0003
1 0 0003
2 0 0003
SD RF TYP FLAGS
11. The Real Time Clock/Calendar (RTC) is enabled in this configuration.
See the section entitled "RTC" above for detailed configuration
settings.
The RTC alarm is not enabled by default since there is nothing in
this configuration that uses it. The alarm can easily be enabled,
however, as described in the "RTC" section.
The time value from the RTC will be used as the NuttX system time
in all timestamp operations. You may use the NSH 'date' command
to set or view the RTC as described above in the "RTC" section.
NOTE: If you want the RTC to preserve time over power cycles, you
will need to install a battery in the battery holder (J12) and close
the jumper, JP13.
12. Support for HSMCI0 is built-in by default. The SAMA4D4-EK provides
two SD memory card slots: (1) a full size SD card slot (J10), and
(2) a microSD memory card slot (J11). The full size SD card slot
connects via HSMCI0; the microSD connects vi HSMCI1. Support for
the microSD slot could also be enabled with the settings provided
in the paragraph entitled "HSMCI Card Slots" above.
NOTE: For now I am boot off the microSD slot so, unless are booting
in a different manner, this HSMCI1 slot may not be useful to you
anyway.
The auto-mounter is also enabled. See the section above entitled
"Auto-Mounter".
13. Networking is supported via EMAC0. See the "Networking" section
above for detailed configuration settings. DHCP is not used in
this configuration; rather, a hard-coded IP address of 10.0.0.2 is
used with a netmask of 255.255.255.0. The host is assumed to be
10.0.0.1 in places. You can reconfigure to enabled DHCPC or to
change these addresses as you see fit.
See also the "kludge" for EMAC that is documented in the To-Do list
at the end of this README file.
The configuration option CONFIG_NSH_NETINIT_THREAD is enabled so
that NSH network bring-up asynchronously and in parallel on a
separate thread. This eliminates the (visible) networking bring-up
delay. This networking initialization feature by itself has
some limitations:
- If no network is connected, the network bring-up will fail and
the network initialization thread will simply exit. There are no
retries and no mechanism to know if the network initialization was
successful.
- Furthermore, there is no support for detecting loss of the network
connection and recovery of networking when the connection is restored.
Both of these shortcomings can be eliminated by enabling the network
monitor as described above in the "Network Monitor" paragraph.
14. I2C Tool. This configuration enables TWI0 (only) as an I2C master
device. This configuration also supports the I2C tool at
apps/system/i2c that can be used to peek and poke I2C devices on the
TIW0 bus. See the discussion above under "I2C Tool" for detailed
configuration settings.
15. Support the USB low-, high- and full-speed OHCI host driver is enabled
enabled with the NuttX configuration file as described in the section
above entitled "USB High-Speed Host". Only port B and port C, the
larger "Type A" connectors, are enabled; port A (the smaller OTG
connector) is reserved for future use with USB device (but could also
be configured as a USB host port if desired).
Support for Mass Storage Class and USB (Boot) Keyboard class is also
enabled. The keyboard class was useful for verifying that low-speed
devices can connect successfully, but is otherwise not used by this
configuration. Feel free to disable it if you like:
CONFIG_USBHOST_HIDKBD=n
You could also replace the NSH stdin device to take input from a USB
keyboard with:
CONFIG_NSH_USBKBD=y
CONFIG_NSH_USBKBD_DEVNAME="/dev/kbda"
The keyboard is currently configured to poll at 80 MSec intervals.
This is controlled by:
CONFIG_HIDKBD_POLLUSEC=80000
which can be reduced if better keyboard response is required.
NOTE: You will not have access to the RAMLOG via the NSH dmseg command
if the USB keyboard is selected. You can still access NSH via Telnet
or you may want to disable the RAMLOG so that debug information comes
out on the console.
16. Support the USB high-speed USB device driver (UDPHS) is not enabled by
default but could be enabled by changing the NuttX configuration file as
described above in the section entitled "USB High-Speed Device."
17. Support for the maXTouch MXT768E touchscreen driver on the TM7000
LCD/Touchscreen module is enabled by default. See the section above
entitled "TM7000 LCD/Touchscreen" for detailed configuration information.
You will probably want to disable this option if you are not using the
TM7000 LCD/Touchscreen.
The Touchscreen test program is also built in. This test program can
be found in the source tree at apps/examples/touchscreen. Usage is
like:
nsh> tc [<number-of-touches>]
18. Support for the TM7000 LCD is enabled by default. See the section above
entitled "TM7000 LCD/Touchscreen" for detailed configuration information.
You will probably want to disable this option if you are not using the
TM7000 LCD.
There are several LCD test programs available. One is built into this
configuration: apps/examples/nx. The NX example is a simple test
using the NuttX graphics system (NX). This test case focuses on general
window controls, movement, mouse and keyboard input. It requires no
user interaction.
The test is executed by simply typing:
nsh> nx
There are several simple graphics examples under apps/examples/ that
could be configured to verify LCD/graphics operation:
a. nxhello. Just displays "Hello, World!" at the center of the
display.
b. nximage. Displays the NuttX logo in the center of the display.
c. nxlines. Shows many fat lines. This generally looks like a
"clock" with a cicle and a rotating line in the center.
d. nxtext. This demonstrates scrolling text with pop-up windows on
top of the test. The pop-up windows come and go without
corrupting the scrolling text.
See apps/examples/README.txt for information about configuring these
examples.
19. NxPlayer
This configuration has the command line NxPlayer enabled. Support
for the WM8904 CODEC is built in.
NOTE: The WM8904 driver should not be included in the
configuration if you are using the Rev C version of the board
(there were some I2C communication issues for the WM8904 interface
on Rev C of the board):
CONFIG_SYSTEM_NXPLAYER=n
This configuration depends on media files in the default mountpoint
at /mnt/sdard. You will need to mount the media before running
NxPlayer, Here are the general steps to play a file:
a. You will need an (full size) SD card containing the .WAV files
that you want to play (.WAV is only format supported as of this
writing). That SD card should be inserted in the HSMCI0 media
slot A (best done before powering up).
b. If the NuttX auto-mounter is enabled and properly configured,
then the FAT file system appear at /mnt/sdcard. If the auto-
mounter is not enabled, then here are the steps to manually
mount the FAT file system:
Then from NSH prompt, you need to mount the media volume like:
nsh> mount -t vfat /dev/mmcsd0 /mnt/sdcard
NOTE: The auto-mounter is enabled by default in this
configuration.
c. Then you can run the media player like:
nsh> nxplayer
nxplayer> device pcm0
nxplayer> play <filename>
STATUS: Not yet functional. See the To-Do list at the bottom of this
README file.
20. The SAMA5D4-EK includes for an AT25 serial DataFlash. That support is
NOT enabled in this configuration. Support for that serial FLASH could
be enabled by modifying the NuttX configuration as described above in
the paragraph entitled "AT25 Serial FLASH".
21. This example can be configured to exercise the watchdog timer test
(apps/examples/watchdog). See the detailed configuration settings in
the section entitled "Watchdog Timer" above.
STATUS:
See the To-Do list below
2014-8-30: Retesting today I am seeing a strange behavior: Serial
output is coming out in chunks with delays between the chunks. It
appears that something is not good in the serial port configuration.
I see no such chunky behavior in, for example, graphics output.
2014-9-17: I do not see that chunked output behavior. However, I do
notice that the serial output is sluggish if there is not network
cable connected. When the network connected the serial output is
responsive: Something must be keeping the system too busy when
there is not network (probably the network monitor).
nxwm:
This is a special configuration setup for the NxWM window manager
UnitTest. It integrates support for both the SAMA5 LCDC and the
SAMA5 ADC touchscreen controller and provides a more advance
graphics demo. It provides an interactive windowing experience.
NOTES:
1. The NxWM window manager is a tiny window manager tailored for use
with smaller LCDs but which is show here on the larger, SAMA5D4-EK
TM7000 LCD. It supports a toolchain, a start window, and
multiple application windows. However, to make the best use of
the visible LCD space, only one application window is visible at
at time.
The NxWM window manager can be found here:
nuttx-git/NxWidgets/nxwm
The NxWM unit test can be found at:
nuttx-git/NxWidgets/UnitTests/nxwm
Documentation for installing the NxWM unit test can be found here:
nuttx-git/NxWidgets/UnitTests/README.txt
2. This configuration is set up generally like the nsh configuration
except that:
- It boots into a graphic, window manage environment instead of
the serial console command line.
- The console command line is still available within NxTerm
windows.
- Obviously, the nx and touchscreen built in applications cannot
be supported.
Refer to the NOTES for the nsh configuration. Those also apply
for the nxwm configuration (other than the differences noted
above).
3. Here is the quick summary of the build steps. These steps assume
that you have the entire NuttX GIT in some directory ~/nuttx-git.
You may have these components installed elsewhere. In that case, you
will need to adjust all of the paths in the following accordingly:
a. Install the nxwm configuration
$ cd ~/nuttx-git/nuttx/tools
$ ./configure.sh sama5d4-ek/nxwm
b. Make the build context (only)
$ cd ..
$ . ./setenv.sh
$ make context
...
NOTE: the use of the setenv.sh file is optional. All that it
will do is to adjust your PATH variable so that the build system
can find your tools. If you use it, you will most likely need to
modify the script so that it has the correct path to your tool
binary directory.
c. Install the nxwm unit test
$ cd ~/nuttx-git/NxWidgets
$ tools/install.sh ~/nuttx-git/apps nxwm
Creating symbolic link
- To ~/nuttx-git/NxWidgets/UnitTests/nxwm
- At ~/nuttx-git/apps/external
d. Build the NxWidgets library
$ cd ~/nuttx-git/NxWidgets/libnxwidgets
$ make TOPDIR=~/nuttx-git/nuttx
...
e. Build the NxWM library
$ cd ~/nuttx-git/NxWidgets/nxwm
$ make TOPDIR=~/nuttx-git/nuttx
...
f. Built NuttX with the installed unit test as the application
$ cd ~/nuttx-git/nuttx
$ make
4. NSH Console Access.
This configuration boots directly into a graphic, window manage
environment. There is no serial console. Some initial stdout
information will go to the USART3 serial output, but otherwise
the serial port will be silent.
Access to the NSH console is available in two ways:
a. The NxWM provides a graphics-based terminals (called NxTerms);
The console command line is still available within NxTerm
windows once NxWM is up and running. The console input (stdin) is
provided via a USB HID keyboard, but console output will go to the
NxTerm terminal. See below for more information about the USB
HID keyboard input,
| b. Telnet NSH sessions are still supported and this is, in general,
the convenient way to access the shell (and RAMLOG).
As with the NSH configuration, debug output will still go to the
circular RAMLOG buffer but cannot be accessed from a serial console.
Instead, you will need use the dmesg command from an NxTerm or
from a Telnet session to see the debug output
5. USB HID Keyboard Input
USB keyboard support is enabled in the default configuration, but
can be disabled:
CONFIG_USBHOST_HIDKBD=y
Not all keyboards may be supported; only "boot" keyboards will be
recognized.
The USB keyboard is configured to replace the NSH stdin device some
that NSH will take input from the USB keyboard. This has to be
done a little differently for the case of NxWM::CNxTerms than
in the standard NSH configuration. Here the relevant configuration
options are:
CONFIG_NXWM_KEYBOARD_USBHOST=y
CONFIG_NXWM_KEYBOARD_DEVPATH="/dev/kbda"
NSH will then automatically start when the NxTerm is started:
NuttShell (NSH) NuttX-7.3
nsh>
When the NxTerm comes up, it will attempt to use /dev/kbda device
for input. Obviously, you cannot enter text if there is no keyboard
but otherwise you will not see any indication whether a keyboard is
connected or not.
If the keyboard is detached, you not be able to enter text until the
keyboard is reconnected. Again, there is no other special indication
of the keyboard state.
The keyboard is currently configured to poll at 80 MSec intervals.
That might not be fast enough for you if you are a fast typist. This
polling rate is controlled by:
CONFIG_HIDKBD_POLLUSEC=80000
which can be reduced if better keyboard response is required.
6. Media Player
This configuration has the media player application enabled. Support
for the WM8904 CODEC is built in.
NOTE: The WM8904 driver should not be included in the
configuration if you are using the Rev C version of the board
(there were some I2C communication issues for the WM8904 interface
on Rev C of the board). You may either (1) Disable audio support
and disable the Media Player GUI, or (2) configure the "NULL" audio
device so that the GUI will function correctly (with no sound,
of course).
This configuration depends on media files in the default mountpoint
at /mnt/sdard (configurable). If you see the message "Media volume
not mounted" in the media player text box, then you will need to
mount the media volume:
a. You will need an (full size) SD card containing the .WAV files
that you want to play (.WAV is only format supported as of this
writing). That SD card should be inserted in the HSMCI0 media
slot A (best done before powering up).
b. If the NuttX auto-mounter is enabled and properly configured,
then the FAT file system appear at /mnt/sdcard. If the auto-
mounter is not enabled, then you need to perform the following
steps to manually mount the FAT file system:
Then from NSH prompt, you need to mount the media volume like:
nsh> mount -t vfat /dev/mmcsd0 /mnt/sdcard
I usually do this via Telnet from the host PC. Here is a
complete host Telnet session:
$ telnet 10.0.0.2
Trying 10.0.0.2...
Connected to 10.0.0.2.
Escape character is '^]'.
NuttShell (NSH) NuttX-7.3
nsh> mount -t vfat /dev/mmcsd0 /mnt/sdcard
nsh> exit
Connection closed by foreign host.
NOTE: The auto-mounter is enabled by default in this
configuration.
c. Then if you close the old media player window and bring up a
new one, you should see the .WAV files on the SD card in the lis
box.
STATUS: Despite the comments above, WM8904 support has *NOT* yet
been enabled in this configuration. This is because it is not yet
working in the nxwm configuration. See the To-Do list at the
bottom of this README file. The current nxwm configuration is still
set up for the Rev C board using the "NULL" audio device.
Things still to do:
a. Currently the list box is not scrollable. So you will be
limited to the number .WAV files that will fit in the existing
list box (a scrollable list box class exists, but has not been
integrated into the media play demo).
b. Although the lower level NxPlayer does support them, there are
no controls at the GUI for balance or tone/equalization.
c. There is no visual indication of play status or end of playing.
STATUS:
See the To-Do list below
ramtest:
This is a stripped down version of NSH that runs out of
internal SRAM. It configures SDRAM and supports only the RAM test
at apps/examples/ramtest. This configuration is useful for
bringing up SDRAM.
NOTES:
1. This configuration uses the the USART3 for the serial console
which is available at the "DBGU" RS-232 connector (J24). That
is easily changed by reconfiguring to (1) enable a different
serial peripheral, and (2) selecting that serial peripheral as
the console device.
2. By default, this configuration is set up to build on Windows
under either a Cygwin or MSYS environment using a recent, Windows-
native, generic ARM EABI GCC toolchain (such as the CodeSourcery
toolchain). Both the build environment and the toolchain
selection can easily be changed by reconfiguring:
CONFIG_HOST_WINDOWS=y : Windows operating system
CONFIG_WINDOWS_CYGWIN=y : POSIX environment under windows
CONFIG_ARMV7A_TOOLCHAIN_CODESOURCERYW=y : CodeSourcery for Windows
If you are running on Linux, make *certain* that you have
CONFIG_HOST_LINUX=y *before* the first make or you will create a
corrupt configuration that may not be easy to recover from. See
the warning in the section "Information Common to All Configurations"
for further information.
3. This configuration executes out of internal SRAM flash and is
loaded into SRAM by the boot ROM SDRAM from NAND, Serial
DataFlash, SD card or from a TFTPC sever via the Boot ROM.
Data also is positioned in SRAM.
Here are the steps that I use to execute this program in SRAM
using only the ROM Bootloader:
a) Hold the DIS_BOOT button and
b) With the DIS_BOOT button pressed, power cycle the board. A
reset does not seem to be sufficient.
c) The serial should show RomBOOT in a terminal window (at 115200
8N1) and nothing more.
d) Press ENTER in the terminal window a few times to enable JTAG.
e) Start the Segger GDB server. It should successfully connect to
the board via JTAG (if JTAG was correctly enabled in step d)).
f) Start GDB, connect, to the GDB server, load NuttX, and debug.
gdb> target remote localhost:2331
gdb> mon halt (don't do mon reset)
gdb> load nuttx
gdb> mon reg pc (make sure that the PC is 0x200040
gdb> ... and debug ...
To-Do List
==========
1) Neither USB OHCI nor EHCI support Isochronous endpoints. Interrupt
endpoint support in the EHCI driver is untested (but works in similar
EHCI drivers).
2) HSCMI. CONFIG_MMCSD_MULTIBLOCK_DISABLE=y is set to disable multi-block
transfers because of some issues that I saw during testing. The is very
low priority to me but might be important to you if you are need very
high performance SD card accesses.
3) There is a kludge in place in the Ethernet code to work around a problem
that I see. The problem that I see is as follows:
a. To send packets, the software keeps a queue of TX descriptors in
memory.
b. When a packet is ready to be sent, the software clears bit 31 of a
status word in the descriptor meaning that the descriptor now
"belongs" to the hardware.
c. The hardware sets bit 31 in memory when the transfer completes.
The problem that I see is that:
d. Occasionally bit 31 of the status word is not cleared even though
the Ethernet packet was successfully sent.
Since the software does not see bit 31 set, it seems like the transfer
did not complete and the Ethernet locks up.
The workaround/kludge that is in place makes this assumption: If an
Ethernet transfer complete interrupt is received, then at least one
packet must have completed. In this case, the software ignores
checking the USED bit for one packet.
With this kludge in place, the driver appears to work fine. However,
there is a danger to what I have done: If a spurious interrupt
occurs, than the USED bit would not be set and the transfer would be
lost.
4) Some drivers may require some adjustments if you intend to run from SDRAM.
That is because in this case macros like BOARD_MCK_FREQUENCY are not constants
but are instead function calls: The MCK clock frequency is not known in
advance but instead has to be calculated from the bootloader PLL configuration.
As of this writing, all drivers have been converted to run from SDRAM except
for the PWM and the Timer/Counter drivers. These drivers use the
BOARD_MCK_FREQUENCY definition in more complex ways and will require some
minor redesign and re-testing before they can be available.
5) The WM8904 is not usable on the Rev C version of the board due to some I2C
related issues. These issues seem to be resolved on the Rev E version of
the board. However, the WM8904 is still not function:
a) With a logic analyzer I can see that the I2C writes to the WM8904
device look good. This is the same setup that was used in the working
SAMA5D3x-EK nxplayer configuration and so should be correct (you
cannot even get this far on the Rev C board).
b) I2C readback of the WM8904 registers (via CONFIG_WM8904_REGDUMP) does
not, however, show proper registers contents. Groups of extra bits
(apparently 0x01fd) appear to be set in many registers on reading.
This is assumed to be some interference from some other device on the
I2C bus rather that errors in writing. This assumption is credible
since the bad bits appear immediately after resetting the WM8904 and
before anything has been written to it.
c) Also with the logic analyzer, I can that the 12MHz MCLK input is
being provided to the WM8904.
d) However, no bit clock (BLCK) is being generated by the WM8904. This
should appear on both AUDIO_TK0_PB27 and AUDIO_RK0_PB28, but I do not
see a clock on these pins.
e) With no BCLK, I would expect the SSC0 DMA transfers to hang... they do
not. No errors of any kind are detected by the firmware; it believes
that it is successfully playing .WAV files. This leads to believe
that there may be some schematic error.
e) There is, of course, no audio output.
You can replace the WM8904 with the "NULL" audio driver by:
CONFIG_AUDIO_WM8904=n : Disable the WM8904
CONFIG_SAMA5_SSC0=n : Disable SSC0
CONFIG_AUDIO_NULL=y : Enable the NULL audio device
CONFIG_AUDIO_NULL_BUFFER_SIZE=8192
CONFIG_AUDIO_NULL_MSG_PRIO=1
CONFIG_AUDIO_NULL_NUM_BUFFERS=4
CONFIG_AUDIO_NULL_WORKER_STACKSIZE=768
CONFIG_AUDIO_NUM_BUFFERS=2
|